Lexical semantics

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Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), as a subfield of linguistic semantics, is the study of word meanings.^[1][2] It includes the study of how words structure their meaning, how they act in grammar and compositionality,^[1] and the relationships between the distinct senses and uses of a word.^[2]

The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units include the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax. This is referred to as syntax-semantics interface.^[3]

The study of lexical semantics concerns:

• the classification and decomposition of lexical items
• the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure cross-linguistically
• the relationship of lexical meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.

Lexical units, also referred to as syntactic atoms, can be independent such as in the case of root words or parts of compound words or they require association with other units, as prefixes and suffixes do. The former are termed free morphemes and the latter bound morphemes.^[4] They fall into a narrow range of meanings (semantic fields) and can combine with each other to generate new denotations.

Cognitive semantics is the linguistic paradigm/framework that since the 1980s has generated the most studies in lexical semantics, introducing innovations like prototype theory, conceptual metaphors, and frame semantics.^[5]