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Mali War

For other armed conflicts that occurred in northern Mali, see Tuareg rebellion.

Mali War
Part of the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel and the War on terror

Military situation in Mali (2024). For a detailed map, see here.
Date16 January 2012 - present
(12 years, 3 months, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Mali
(with spillover into Algeria, Burkina Faso and Niger)
Result Ongoing
Belligerents

 Mali
 Russia (since 2021)
 France (2013–22)
Supported by:

MINUSMA (2013–23)

Supported by:

Full list

Non-state combatants:
Ganda Iso
MAA-Loyaliste[56][57]
MSA (2016–)

GATIA (Ag Gamou faction) (2014–23)[58]
Wagner Group (2021–)[a][59][60]

Coordination of Azawad Movements
(CMA)[61]

Al-Qaeda and allies

Nigerian jihadist volunteers (2012–13)

 Islamic State

Commanders and leaders

Mali Assimi Goïta (2021–)
Mali Choguel Kokalla Maïga (2021–)

Former
ECOWAS
Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt (NLFA)
Housseine Khoulam (NLFA)[56]
Yevgeny Prigozhin X		 Azawad Bilal Ag Acherif
Azawad Mahmoud Ag Aghaly
Azawad Moussa Ag Acharatoumane
Azawad Mohamed Ag Najem[68]
Alghabass Ag Intalla[69]		 Iyad Ag Ghaly
Mokhtar Belmokhtar †
Abdelhamid Abou Zeid †[70][71]
Abdelmalek Droukdel †[72]
Ahmed al-Tilemsi †[66]
Omar Ould Hamaha †[73]
Ba Ag Moussa †
Strength

Mali 6,000–7,000[74]
(pre-war: ~12,150)[75]
France 3,000 [76]
Chad 2,000[10]
Germany 1,400 (2022)[77]
Egypt 1,216[78]
Nigeria 1,200[1][79]
Togo 733[53]
Sierra Leone 650[80]
Burkina Faso 500[1]
Ivory Coast 500[53]
Niger 500[1]
Senegal 500[1]
Netherlands 450[81]
Sweden 400 (2021)[82]
China 395[19]
United Kingdom 300
Benin 300[1]
Canada 250[83]
Guinea 144[1]
Ghana 120[1]
Estonia 100[21]
Liberia ~50[84]
Total: 23,564+

European Union 545 (EUTM)[36]

Full list
~500 (FLNA)[56]		 Azawad 3,000[88][89]

1,200–3,000[90][91]

Casualties and losses

Mali 181+ killed,[93]
400 captured[94]
Total:
1,000–1,500+ killed, captured or deserted (by April 2012)[88]

Mali 428+ killed[95]
Chad 104 killed[96]
France 58 killed[97]
Guinea 26 killed[98][99]
Togo 26 killed[100][99]
Niger 15 killed[101]
Burkina Faso 27 killed[99]
Bangladesh 10 killed[99]
Egypt 7 killed[102][22][103][104]
Nigeria 7 killed[105][99]
Netherlands 5 killed[106][99]
4 killed[107]

Jordan 4 killed [99]
Ivory Coast 4 killed[108]
Senegal 3 killed[109][110]
Germany 2 killed[111]
Sri Lanka 4 killed[112][99]
Benin 1 killed[112][99]
Cambodia 1 dead[113][99]
China 1 killed[114]
El Salvador 1 dead[113]
Portugal 1 killed[115]
Liberia 1 killed[116]

Azawad 6–65 killed
(conflict with Malian Army)[117][118][119]

26–123 killed
(conflict with Islamists)[120][121][122][123]

60 captured[121][123]
17–19 killed (2013)

115 killed
(Conflict with Tuaregs)[120][121][122][123]

625 killed
(French intervention during Operation Serval)

estimated 2,800+ killed and 169+ captured due the French intervention during Operation Barkhane (between January 2020 and April 2021)

total killed: 3,540+
Displaced:
~144,000 refugees abroad[10]
~230,000 internally displaced persons[10]
Total: ≈374,000[124]

The Mali War[c] is an ongoing conflict that started in January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa. On 16 January 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, which they called Azawad. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), an organization fighting to make this area of Mali an independent homeland for the Tuareg people, had taken control of the region by April 2012.[125]

On 22 March 2012, President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the crisis, a month before a presidential election was to have taken place.[126] Mutinous soldiers, calling themselves the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), took control and suspended the constitution of Mali.[125] As a consequence of the instability following the coup, Mali's three largest northern cities—Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu—were overrun by the rebels[127] on three consecutive days.[128] On 5 April 2012, after the capture of Douentza, the MNLA said that it had accomplished its goals and called off its offensive. The following day, it proclaimed the independence of northern Mali from the rest of the country, renaming it Azawad.[129]

The MNLA were initially backed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine. After the Malian military was driven from northern Mali, Ansar Dine and a number of smaller Islamist groups began imposing strict Sharia law. The MNLA and Islamists struggled to reconcile their conflicting visions for an intended new state.[130] Afterwards, the MNLA began fighting against Ansar Dine and other Islamist groups, including Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA/MUJAO), a splinter group of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. By 17 July 2012, the MNLA had lost control of most of northern Mali's cities to the Islamists.[131]

The government of Mali asked for foreign military help to re-take the north. On 11 January 2013, the French military began operations against the Islamists.[90] Forces from other African Union states were deployed shortly after. By 8 February, the Islamist-held territory had been re-taken by the Malian military, with help from the international coalition. Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the MNLA has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military.[132]

A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013,[133] however on 26 September 2013 the rebels pulled out of the peace agreement and claimed that the government had not respected its commitments to the truce.[134] In mid-2014, the French military in Mali ended its Operation Serval and transitioned to the broader regional counterterrorist effort, Operation Barkhane. Despite a ceasefire agreement signed on 19 February 2015 in Algiers, Algeria, and a peace accord in the capital on 15 April 2015, fighting continued.[135][136]

Starting in 2018, there was an increase in rebel attacks in the Sahel, accompanied by a French troop surge. Mali experienced two successful coups in 2020 and 2021, both orchestrated by the Malian military. After the Malian coup in 2021, the government and French forces in the country had a falling out, with the former demanding the latter's withdrawal. Amid popular Malian anti-French protests and increasing involvement in the war by both the Russian mercenary Wagner Group and the Turkish, the French withdrew their forces from the country entirely by 15 August 2022, ending their presence in the country.[137][138]

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  58. ^ [1]
  59. ^ France, U.K., Partners Say Russia-Backed Wagner Deployed in Mali
    Mali: West condemns Russian mercenaries 'deployment'
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  84. ^ Liberian legislature approves troop commitment to Mali Voice of America, 25 January 2013
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  87. ^ it:European Union Training Mission
  88. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference detials was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  93. ^ 2 killed (17–19 January),[2] 160 killed (24–25 January),[3] 19 killed (16 February), [4] total of 181 reported killed
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  95. ^ 63 killed (Jan.-March 2013),[5] 52 killed (May 2014),[6] 3 killed (9 February 2016),[7] 3 killed (12 February 2016),[8] 5 killed (27 May 2016),[9] 17 killed (19 July 2016),[10] 5 killed (12 January 2017),[11] 5 killed (17 June 2017),[12] 8 killed (9 July 2017),[13] 2 killed (14 August 2017),[14] 1 killed (November 2017),[15] 14 killed (27 January 2018),[16] 6 killed (27 February 2018),[17] 41 killed (30 September 2019),[18] 77 killed (November 2019),[19] [20] 20 killed (26 January 2020),[21] 9 killed (15 February 2020),[22] 30 killed (19 March 2020),[23] 25 killed (6 April 2020),[24] 24 killed (15 June 2020),[25] 9 killed (2 July 2020),[26] 11 killed (17 March 2021),[27] total of 428 reported killed
  96. ^ 38 killed (Jan.-April 2013),[28] 36 killed (May 2013-October 2016),[29] 9 killed (2017),[30] 2 killed (2018),[31] 12 killed (2019),[32] 3 killed (10 May 2020),[33] 4 killed (2 April 2021),[34] total of 104 reported killed
  97. ^ See French military casualties in Mali and the Sahel for more details and citations.
  98. ^ 2 killed (2015),[35] 7 killed (2016),[36] 4 killed (8 June 2017),[37] 3 killed (2019),[38] total of 16 reported killed
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  100. ^ 1 killed (2013),[39] Archived 24 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (2016),[40] 1 killed (2017),[41] 1 killed (2019),[42] 7 killed (2021),[43] total of 16 reported killed
  101. ^ 1 killed (2015),[44] 9 killed (3 October 2014),[45] 4 killed (2017),[46] 1 killed (2018),[47] total of 15 reported killed
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  105. ^ 2 killed (21 January 2013),[48] 2 killed (6 May 2013),[49] 1 killed (2019),[50] total of 5 reported killed
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  122. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference breaks was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  123. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference someunarmed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  124. ^ Tran, Mark (17 January 2013). "Mali refugees flee across borders as fighting blocks humanitarian aid". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  125. ^ a b Associated Press, "Coup Leader Reinstates Mali's Constitution", Express, 2 April 2012. p. 8.
  126. ^ "Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa". Al Jazeera. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  127. ^ Baba Ahmed & Rukmini Callimachi (2 April 2012). "Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  128. ^ Serge Daniel (4 April 2012). "Mali junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  129. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  130. ^ "Islamists seize Gao from Tuareg rebels". BBC News. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  131. ^ Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  132. ^ "Five Malians killed in ambush blamed on Tuareg: army". Agence France-Presse. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  133. ^ "Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal". BBC. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
  134. ^ "Mali Tuareg separatists suspend participation in peace process". Trust.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  135. ^ "How Mali Is Pursuing Justice for a War That Never Really Ended". worldpoliticsreview.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  136. ^ "Mali: Events of 2018". World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Mali. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  137. ^ "Malians say they once appreciated French military support, but 'things have changed'". 20 January 2022.
  138. ^ "French Forces Complete Departure from Mali". 15 August 2022.


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