Mark Twain

Mark Twain
Twain in 1907
Born	Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-11-30)November 30, 1835 Florida, Missouri, U.S.
Died	April 21, 1910(1910-04-21) (aged 74) Stormfield House, Redding, Connecticut, U.S.
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York, U.S.
Pen name	Mark Twain Josh Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass
Occupation	Writer humorist entrepreneur publisher lecturer
Language	American English
Period	Modern
Genres	Adventure fiction speculative fiction travelogue opinion journalism literary criticism polemic essay autobiography correspondence oration
Literary movement	American Realism
Years active	from 1863
Employers	Territorial Enterprise The Sacramento Union The Alta California New-York Tribune
Spouse	Olivia Langdon ​ ​ (m. 1870; died 1904)​
Children	4, including Susy, Clara, and Jean
Parents	John Marshall Clemens Jane Lampton Clemens
Relatives	Orion Clemens (brother)
Signature

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),^[1] known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist and essayist. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced,"^[2] with William Faulkner calling him "the father of American literature."^[3] His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884),^[4] with the latter often called the "Great American Novel." Twain also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), and co-wrote The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner.

Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for both Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer early in his career, and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to his older brother Orion Clemens' newspaper. Twain then became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, which provided him the material for Life on the Mississippi (1883). Soon after, Twain headed west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.^[5]

He first achieved success as a writer with the humorous story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," which was published in 1865; it was based on a story that he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time while he was working as a miner. The short story brought him international attention.^[6] He wrote both fiction and non-fiction. As his fame grew, he became a much sought-after speaker. His wit and satire, both in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and Twain was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.

Although Twain initially spoke out in favor of American interests in the Hawaiian Islands, he later reversed his position,^[7] going on to become vice president of the American Anti-Imperialist League from 1901 until his death in 1910, coming out strongly against the Philippine-American War and colonialism.^[8][9][10]

Twain earned a great deal of money from his writing and lectures, but invested in ventures that lost most of it, such as the Paige Compositor, a mechanical typesetter that failed because of its complexity and imprecision. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of these financial setbacks, but in time overcame his financial troubles with the help of Standard Oil executive Henry Huttleston Rogers. Twain eventually paid all his creditors in full, even though his declaration of bankruptcy meant he was not required to do so. He was born shortly after an appearance of Halley's Comet, and predicted that his death would accompany it as well, dying a day after the comet was at its closest to Earth.^[11]