Back جمهورية شمال القوقاز الجبلية Arabic República de los Montes del Cáucasu Septentrional AST Dağlılar Respublikası Azerbaijani Горская рэспубліка Byelorussian República de la Muntanya del Nord del Caucas Catalan Ламанхойн республика CE Horská republika Czech Bergrepublik German Nord-Kaŭkaza Montara Respubliko Esperanto República de las Montañas del Cáucaso Septentrional Spanish
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918[1]–1919[2] | |||||||||
![Controlled and claimed territory[7]](view_image.php?q=Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus&sq=CIA&lang=en&file=File:Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.svg) Controlled and claimed territory[7] | |||||||||
| Capital | Temir-Khan-Shura | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam (majority and state-backed faith) Russian Orthodox Church (minority) | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | North Caucasian | ||||||||
| Government | Confederated parliamentary republic under a provisional government | ||||||||
• 11 May 1918 – December 1918 | Tapa Tchermoeff | ||||||||
• December 1918 – 12 May 1919 | Pshemakho Kotsev | ||||||||
| Establishment | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 6 March 1917 | |||||||||
• Independence declared | 11 May 1918 | ||||||||
• Replaced by North Caucasian Emirate[9] | September 1919 | ||||||||
• Established | 1918[1] | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1919[2] | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 430,874 km2 (166,361 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1919 census | 11,221,860[10] | ||||||||
| Currency | Tumen | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||
![The banner adopted by the first Confederation of Mountain Peoples, May 1917[3][4][5] of Mountain Republic](view_image.php?q=Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus&sq=CIA&lang=en&file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.svg)
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC), also referred to as the United Republics of the North Caucasus, Mountain Republic, or the Republic of the Mountaineers, was a state in Eurasia and encompassing the entirety of the North Caucasus that emerged during the Russian Civil War and existed from 1918 to 1919. It formed as a consolidation of various Caucasian ethnic groups, including the Abkhazians, Abazins Circassians, Chechens, Karachays, Ossetians, Balkars, Ingush, and Dagestanis.
The MRNC encompassed the former territories of Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast within the Russian Empire. These territories now constitute the present-day republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia–Alania, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, and a portion of Stavropol Krai in the Russian Federation. Spanning approximately 430,874 square kilometers (166,361 sq mi), the MRNC had a population of approximately 11.2 million. Throughout its existence, the capital of the MRNC relocated from Vladikavkaz to Nazran and ultimately settled in Temir-Khan-Shura.
The MRNC broke away from the Russian Empire after the February Revolution, just before the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. The Russian Volunteer Army captured the state in 1919, and it ceased to exist.[11] However, in September 1919, the North Caucasian Emirate was proclaimed as the successor of the Mountain Republic.[12] However, in August 1920, it was captured by the Soviet Russia, which led to an uprising.[13] In April 1921, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established by the Bolsheviks within the RSFSR, but the uprising lasted until 1925.[14]
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 55. ISBN 9789004179011.
On 11 May 1918 the independence of the Republic of the North Caucasus was declared. The government sought international recognition and when on 8 June 1918 a Treaty of Friendship was signed with Turkey this implied recognition of the new Republic.
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011.
The government of Kotsev was not able to defend its territory, and in May 1919 the White Army of Denikin conquered the territory of the Mountain Republic in Chechnya and Daghestan, and the Mountain Republic ceased to exist.
- ^ a b The Flag Bulletin, vol. 148. The Flag Research Center. 1992. p. 184.
- ^ a b "Северный Кавказ, 1917-1945 гг". vexillographia.ru (in Russian).
- ^ a b Kathleen R. Jackson, Marat Fidarov: Essays on the History of the North Caucasus, HHN Media, New York, 2009.
- ^ «После Февральской революции 1917 г. процесс политического самоопределения привел к образованию Карачаево-Балкарского штата в составе горской республики.» (ИЭА Российской академии наук. Серия энциклопедий «Народы и культуры», «Карачаевцы. Балкарцы.» — М.: Наука, ИЭА РАН, 2014. — С. 7. — 815 с. ISBN 978-5-02-038043-1.)
- ^ «La république du Caucase du Nord : extraits du "Journal de Genève" Juin 1919»
- ^ Лобавнов, Артемьев; Артемьев А. С. (2019). "Владикавказский съезд горских народов Северного Кавказа в мае 1917 г." Современная научная мысль. p. 74. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24.
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011.
In 1919 Sheikh Uzun Haji, Pshemakho Kotsev and Sheikh Akushinskii called for a fight against the White or Volunteer Army of Denikin and in September 1919 the Emirate of the North Caucasus was proclaimed, comprising the North of Daghestan, Chechnya and part of Ingushetia. To secularist nationalists the Emirate was seen as the successor of the Mountain Republic.
- ^ L'Europe orientale (Paris. 1919), N2
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011.
The government of Kotsev was not able to defend its territory, and in May 1919 the White Army of Denikin conquered the territory of the Mountain Republic in Chechnya and Daghestan, and the Mountain Republic ceased to exist.
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011.
In 1919 Sheikh Uzun Haji, Pshemakho Kotsev and Sheikh Akushinskii called for a fight against the White or Volunteer Army of Denikin and in September 1919 the Emirate of the North Caucasus was proclaimed, comprising the North of Daghestan, Chechnya and part of Ingushetia. To secularist nationalists the Emirate was seen as the successor of the Mountain Republic.
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011.
In August 1920 however, the Bolshevik army attacked Chechnya from the north, and the leaders of the emirate called for a jihad, asking the grandson of Imam Shamil, Sait Shamil, to lead the fight. He was one of the two survivors of this fight and later fled to Turkey.
- ^ Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 57. ISBN 9789004179011.
It took the Russians until 1925 to arrest and kill Gotsinskii. The uprising was inter alia successful because the Caucasians obeyed the requests of the Sufi clerics who organized the revolt. In April 1921 a Mountain ASSR, of which Chechen territory was part, was established within the RSFSR. On 20 January 1921 the Daghestan ASSR was declared. On 30 November 1922 a Chechen Autonomous Oblast was created.
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