Pahlavi scripts

Pahlavi scripts
The word Ērānšahr in Book Pahlavi
Script type	Abjad with logograms
Time period	2nd century BC to 7th century AD[1]
Direction	Mixed
Languages	Middle Iranian languages
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Pahlavi scripts
Child systems	Avestan
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Phli (131), ​Inscriptional Pahlavi  (Inscriptional Pahlavi) Prti, 130  (Inscriptional Parthian) Phlp, 132  (Psalter Pahlavi) Phlv, 133  (Book Pahlavi)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Inscriptional Pahlavi
Unicode range	U+10B60–U+10B7F Inscriptional Pahlavi U+10B40–U+10B5F Inscriptional Parthian U+10B80–U+10BAF Psalter Pahlavi

Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages. The essential characteristics of Pahlavi are:^[2]

• the use of a specific Aramaic-derived script;
• the incidence of Aramaic words used as heterograms (called uzwārišn, "archaisms").

Pahlavi compositions have been found for the dialects/ethnolects of Parthia, Persis, Sogdiana, Scythia, and Khotan.^[3] Independent of the variant for which the Pahlavi system was used, the written form of that language only qualifies as Pahlavi when it has the characteristics noted above.

Pahlavi is then an admixture of:

• written Imperial Aramaic, from which Pahlavi derives its script, logograms, and some of its vocabulary.
• spoken Middle Iranian, from which Pahlavi derives its terminations, symbol rules, and most of its vocabulary.

Pahlavi may thus be defined as a system of writing applied to (but not unique for) a specific language group, but with critical features alien to that language group. It has the characteristics of a distinct language, but is not one. It is an exclusively written system, but much Pahlavi literature remains essentially an oral literature committed to writing and so retains many of the characteristics of oral composition.