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Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity

Valentin de Boulogne, Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, 16th century (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas). However, most scholars think Paul dictated his letters to a secretary (e.g., Romans 16:22).

Since the 1970s, scholars have sought to place Paul the Apostle within his historical context in Second Temple Judaism.[1] Paul's relationship to Judaism involves topics including the status of Israel's covenant with God and the role of works as a means to either gain or keep the covenant.[2]

The inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian movement provoked a controversy between Paul and other Apostles over whether the gentiles' faith in Christ exempted them from circumcision.[2][3] Paul did not deem circumcision necessary for gentiles, because he thought that God included them into the New Covenant through faith in Christ.[2][3][4][5] This brought him into conflict with the Judaizers, a faction of the Jewish Christians who believed Mosaic Law did require circumcision for Gentile converts.[2][3][4][5][6] Eventually Paul's view prevailed, and this among other related developments led to the separation of early Christianity from Judaism.[2][3]

  1. ^ Dunn 1990, pp. 1–7.
  2. ^ a b c d e Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. "Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 178–190. ISBN 9781032199344.
  3. ^ a b c d Cross & Livingstone 2005, pp. 1243–5.
  4. ^ a b Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
  5. ^ a b Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
  6. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 912.

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