A United States congressional hearing is the principal formal method by which United States congressional committees collect and analyze information in the early stages of legislative policymaking.[1] Whether confirmation hearings (a procedure unique to the United States Senate), legislative, oversight, investigative, or a combination of these, all hearings share common elements of preparation and conduct. Hearings usually include oral testimony from witnesses and questioning of the witnesses by members of Congress. George B. Galloway termed congressional hearings a goldmine of information for all the public problems of the United States.[2] A leading authority on U.S. government publications has referred to the published hearings as "the most important publications originating within Congress."[3] The Senate Library in a similar vein noted "Hearings are among the most important publications originating in Congress."[4]
Hearings were not published generally until the latter part of the 19th century, except some early hearings (generally of special investigative committees) were published in the series that are part of the Serial Set. Published hearings did not become available for purchase from the United States Government Printing Office until 1924 and were not distributed to depository libraries until 1938.[5] Unlike the documents and reports that are compiled in the Serial Set "hearings do not constitute a real series"[4] although in the modern era a trend toward uniformity of numbering has resulted in all Senate hearings and prints for each Congressional Session (commencing with the 98th Congress in 1983) being assigned a unique numerical designation (in the style of what one scholar dubbed a "combination code")[6] published on the cover and title page (e.g. S. HRG. 110-113; S. PRT. 110-13). A growing number of House Committees are assigning numerical or alphabetical designations for their publications (e.g. 110-35, 110-AA).
The Law Library of Congress in a collaborative pilot project with Google is undertaking the digitization of the Library's entire collection of printed hearings (constituting approximately 75,000 volumes). As of 2010 three collections (on the decennial Census, FOIA and Immigration) have been selectively compiled as a test. It is hoped the project will eventually provide full-text access of the entire collection which will be posted online by Google and the Library.[7] ProQuest offers subscriptions to a database of digitized hearings (published and unpublished) covering 1824 to the present.[8]
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Glossary Term | Hearing". Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
- ^ George G. Galloway. "Development of the Committee System in the House of Representatives". American Historical Review, Vol. LXV, No.1 (October 1959), p. 26.
- ^ L.S. Schemeckebier and Roy Eastin. Government Publications and Their Use, 2nd revised edition. Washington D.C., Brookings Institution (1969), p. 166.
- ^ a b Cumulative Index of Congressional Committee Hearings (Not Confidential in Character) From Seventy-Fourth Congress (January 3, 1935) Through Eighty-Fifth Congress (January 3, 1959) in the United States Senate Library. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959. "Preface". p. v.
- ^ Anne M. Boyd and R. E. Rips. United States Government Publications. New York, H.W. Wilson (1949), p.56
- ^ "Marilyn Johnson. The Numbering of Congressional Hearings. 1972". Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
- ^ "Congressional Hearings". loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
- ^ "Official Documents" (PDF). ProQuest. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
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