Western Front (World War I)

Western Front
Part of the European theatre of World War I
Clockwise from top left: Men of the Royal Irish Rifles, concentrated in the trench, right before going over the top on the First day on the Somme; British soldier carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the Somme; A young German soldier during the Battle of Ginchy; American infantry storming a German bunker; A German Gotha G.IV heavy bomber; American troops with Renault FT tanks moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the Meuse–Argonne offensive
Date 2 August 1914 – 11 November 1918 Location Western and Central Europe: Belgium, north-eastern France, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, western Germany Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Allied Powers:  France Algeria Tunisia Morocco West Africa Equatorial Africa Indochina  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  South Africa  India  Newfoundland  Bermuda Rhodesia Belgium  United States (from 1917)  Portugal (from 1916) Russia (from 1916)  Italy (from 1918) Siam (from 1918)	Central Powers:  Germany  Austria-Hungary
Commanders and leaders
French: Joseph Joffre Robert Nivelle Philippe Pétain Ferdinand Foch British: John French Douglas Haig United States: John J. Pershing Belgium: Albert I of Belgium	German: Helmuth von Moltke Erich von Falkenhayn Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Austro-Hungarian: Ludwig Goiginger [1][2]
Strength
15,900,000 7,935,000[3] 5,399,563[4] 2,200,000[5] 380,000[6] 55,000[7] 44,292[a] 40,000[9] 1,284	13,250,000[3]
Casualties and losses
Military casualties: 7,500,000 4,808,000 2,264,200 286,330 93,100 22,120 15,000 4,542[b] 19 Military dead: 2,041,000 Civilian dead: 534,500	Military casualties: 5,500,000 5,490,300 19,295[10] Military dead: 1,495,000 Civilian dead: 424,000[c]

The Western Front was one of the main theatres of war during the First World War. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. The German advance was halted with the Battle of the Marne. Following the Race to the Sea, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918.

Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this front. The attacks employed massive artillery bombardments and massed infantry advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, barbed wire, and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the Battle of Verdun, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the Battle of the Somme, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties, and the Battle of Passchendaele, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties.^[12][13]

To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried new military technology, including poison gas, aircraft, and tanks. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The German spring offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended the war of the Central Powers against Russia and Romania on the Eastern Front. Using short, intense "hurricane" bombardments and infiltration tactics, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the result was indecisive.

The unstoppable advance of the Allied armies during the Hundred Days Offensive of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the Armistice of 11 November 1918, and the terms of peace were settled by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

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