Back Виетнамтәи аибашьра Abkhazian Viëtnamoorlog Afrikaans Vietnamkrieg ALS የቬትናም ጦርነት Amharic Guerra de Vietnam AN वियतनाम युद्ध ANP حرب فيتنام Arabic لحرب د ڤييطنام ARY حرب فييتنام ARZ Guerra del Vietnam AST

Perang Vietnam

Perang Vietnam
Chiến tranh Việt Nam (Vietnam)
Sebahagian daripada Peperangan Indochina dan Perang Dingin
Fail:VNWarMontage.png
Ikut arah jam, dari atas kiri: Operasi tempur A.S. di Ia Đrăng, ARVN Rangers mempertahan Saigon ketika Serangan Tết 1968, dua A-4C Skyhawk selepas Kejadian Teluk Tonkin, ARVN menawan semula Quảng Trị ketika Serangan Easter 1972, orang awam lari daripada Pertempuran Quảng Trị 1972, dan pengebumian 300 orang mangsa Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Huế 1968.
Tarikh1 November 1955[A 1] – 27 Januari 1973[26] (Penglibatan Amerika Syarikat)
1 November 1955 - 30 April 1975 (1975-04-30)
(19 tahun, 5 bulan, 4 minggu dan 1 hari)
Lokasi
Vietnam Selatan, Vietnam Utara, Kemboja, Laos, Laut China Selatan, Teluk Thailand
Keputusan

Kejayaan Vietnam Utara

Perubahan
wilayah		 Penyatuan semula Vietnam Utara dan Selatan ke dalam Republik Sosialis Vietnam.
Pihak yang terlibat

Sokongan tentera:

Sokongan lain

Sokongan tentera:

Sokongan lain
Komandan dan pemimpin
Kekuatan

≈860,000 (1967)

  •  Vietnam Utara: 690,000 (Januari 1967, termasuk NVA dan Việt Cộng)[27]
  • Việt Cộng: 200,000 (anggaran, 1968)[28][29]
  •  China: 170,000 (1967)[30][31][32]
  • GRUNK: 70,000 (1972)[33]
  • Laos Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1960)[34]
  •  North Korea: 200[35]

≈1,420,000 (1968)

  •  South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)
    1,500,000 (1974–75)[36]
  •  United States: 543,000 (April 1969)[37][38]
  •  Laos 72,000 Tentera Diraja dan Hmong[39][40]
  •  Kemboja 200,000 (1973)[41]
  •  Korea Selatan: 50,003
  •  Thailand: 32,000 in Vietnam[42] and Laos[43]
  •  Australia: 7,672
  •  Filipina: 2,061
  •  New Zealand: 552[29]
Kerugian dan korban
  • Vietnam Utara & Việt Cộng
  • 65,000–182,000 orang awam terkorban[44][45][46]
  • 849,018 tentera terkorban (per Vietnam; 1/3 orang bukan tempur terkorban)[47][48][49]
  • 666,000–950,765 terkorban (per US; 1964–74)[a][44][50]
  • 600,000+ cedera[51]
  •  China
    ≈1,100 terkorban dan 4,200 cedera[32]
  •  Korea Utara
    14 terkorban[52]
  •  Kesatuan Soviet
    16 terkorban[53]
Jumlah tentera terkorban: ≈667,130–951,895
Jumlah tentera cedera: ≈604,200 (kecuali GRUNK dan Pathet Lao)
  •  Vietnam Selatan
  • 195,000–430,000 orang awam terkorban[44][45][54]
  • 254,256–313,000 tentera terkorban[55][56]
  • 1,170,000 cedera[57]
  •  Amerika Syarikat
    58,318 terkorban;[58] 303,644 cedera (termasuk 150,341 yang tidak memerlukan jagaan hospital)[A 2]
  •  Laos
    15,000 terkorban[64]
  •  Kemboja
    Tidak diketahui
  •  Korea Selatan
    5,099 terkorban; 10,962 cedera; 4 hilang
  •  Australia[65]
    521 terkorban; 3,129 cedera
  •  Thailand
    351 terkorban[66]
  •  New Zealand
    37 terkorban[67]
  •  Taiwan
    25 terkorban[68]
  •  Filipina
    9 terkorban;[69] 64 cedera[70]

Jumlah tentera terkorban: 333,620–392,364
Jumlah yang cedera: ≈1,340,000+[57]
(kecuali FARK dan FANK)

a Anggaran awal angka atas, kemudian difikirkan dinaikkan sekurang-kurangnya 30% (angka rendah), kemungkinan termasuk orang awam salah cam sebagai askar tempur, lihat Kontroversi pengiraan mayat Perang Vietnam[44][50]

Templat:Campaignbox Vietnam War

Templat:Campaignbox Vietnam War massacres

Perang Vietnam (Tulisan Jawi: ڤراڠ ۏيتنام), ada kalinya disebut juga "Perang Indochina" ataupun "Konflik Vietnam". Dalam bahasa Vietnam, peperangan ini disebut sebagai "Perang Amerika" ataupun mengikut nama yang digunakan oleh Kerajaan Vietnam, Kháng chiến chống Mỹ (Peperangan Menentang Amerika). Peperangan ini melibatkan Republik Demokratik Vietnam (dipanggil juga Vietnam Utara) dan sekutunya menentang Republik Vietnam (ataupun Vietnam Selatan) dan sekutunya, khususnya Amerika Syarikat.

Ramai pemerhati Barat melihat perang ini sebagai perang proksi bagi Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet. Perang ini salah satu daripada beberapa konflik semasa Perang Dingin di antara Amerika Syarikat dan sekutunya menentang Kesatuan Soviet dan sekutunya. Perang seperti ini disebut sebagai perang proksi kerana Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet sendiri tidak pernah bersemuka secara terang-terang di medan pertempuran kerana khuatir akan meletuskan peperangan nuklear yang amat membinasakan.

Sekutu Vietnam Utara termasuk Barisan Pembebasan Vietnam Selatan (Vietcong), Kesatuan Soviet dan China. Vietnam Selatan dibantu Amerika Syarikat, Australia, New Zealand dan Korea Selatan. Sekutu Vietnam Selatan menghantar bantuan tentera untuk berjuang di Vietnam. Penglibatan tentera Amerika Syarikat sebenarnya bermula sejak tahun 1959 lagi, tetapi bilangan tentera yang terlibat kecil. Askar Amerika dihantar dalam jumlah yang besar ke Vietnam Selatan mulai tahun 1965 dan hanya berundur sepenuhnya dalam tahun 1973.

Peperangan ini mengorbankan ramai penduduk awam. Peperangan tamat secara rasminya pada 30 April 1975 apabila Vietnam Selatan tewas keseluruhannya.

  1. ^ "Vietnamese NLF Victory Map". Cornell University Library Digital Collections.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rohn, Alan (November 26, 2012). "What countries involved in the Vietnam War?". The Vietnam War. Dicapai pada April 8, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War". Military History Now. October 2, 2013. Dicapai pada April 8, 2018.
  4. ^ The Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. p. 76
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  6. ^ "Korejská záhada zůstává nevyřešena" [The Korean mystery remains unresolved] (dalam bahasa Czech). Cesky a slovensky svet. Dicapai pada 24 February 2014.
  7. ^ "Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky" [Bilateral Relations of the Czech Republic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam] (dalam bahasa Czech). e-Polis – Internetový politologický časopis. Dicapai pada 24 February 2014.
  8. ^ Horten, Gerd (2013). "Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s" (PDF). German Studies Review. 36 (3): 557–578. doi:10.1353/gsr.2013.0114.
  9. ^ "Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 20 August 2014.
  10. ^ a b Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College. 10 (3): 8–15. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2017-05-25. Dicapai pada 2019-01-14.
  11. ^ Margaret K. Gnoinska (March 2005). "Poland and Vietnam, 1963: New Evidence on Secret Communist Diplomacy and the "Maneli Affair"". Cold War International History Project (Working Paper #45). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.401.5833.
  12. ^ a b c d "Intelligence Memorandum: Sources of Military Equipment to Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Military Forces" (PDF). Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. 1998 [4 November 1968].
  13. ^ "Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s". Library of Congress. 1992. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)…
  14. ^ Crump 2015, halaman 183
  15. ^ "Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?". HistoryNet. 25 July 2013. Dicapai pada 20 July 2016.
  16. ^ "Sweden announces support to Viet Cong". HISTORY.com. Dicapai pada 20 July 2016. In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
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  18. ^ Moïse 1996, halaman 3–4.
  19. ^ Weil, Thomas E. et. al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293
  20. ^ "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). Universitu Malaya Student Repository. m/s. 72. Dicapai pada 17 October 2015.
  21. ^ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. m/s. 31. ISBN 978-9832220268. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 16 October 2015. Dicapai pada 17 October 2015. The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
  22. ^ DoD 1998
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  25. ^ Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960, The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
  26. ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later Conference Transcript, The Nixon Center, Washington, DC, April 1998. Reproduced on mtholyoke.edu. Accessed 5 September 2012.
  27. ^ Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.". According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.
  28. ^ Doyle, The North, pp. 45–49
  29. ^ a b The A to Z of the Vietnam War. The Scarecrow Press. 2005. ISBN 978-1461719038.
  30. ^ "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. Dicapai pada 24 December 2013.
  31. ^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 27. ISBN 978-0847690138.
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  33. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 376. ISBN 978-1851099603.
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  35. ^ Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013). "The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations". NK News. Dicapai pada 3 October 2016.
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  55. ^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"
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  72. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (336): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. Dicapai pada 5 January 2013. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam
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Ralat petik: Tag <ref> wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "A", tetapi tiada tag <references group="A"/> yang berpadanan disertakan

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