Mountaineering

Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism^[1] is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending mountains. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas that have become sports in their own right.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Indoor climbing, sport climbing, and bouldering are also considered variants of mountaineering by some,^[6]^[7] but are part of a wide group of mountain sports.

Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including grading and guidebooks) when climbing mountains.^[7]^[8] Numerous local alpine clubs support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), is the International Olympic Committee-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing.^[9] The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone).^[10] Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles.^[11]

^ "Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com".
^ Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional Development Group.
^ Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research". Tourism Management. 27 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003.
^ Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (3): 625–643. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4.
^ Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya". Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 17: 29–43. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001.
^ Coalter, F., Dimeo, P., Morrow, S., & Taylor, J. (2010). The Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland
^ ^a ^b Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). "Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective". Routledge.
^ Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. ISBN 978-80-87715-12-3.
^ "UIAA Activities". UIAA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
^ Apollo, M. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6. ISBN 978-3-030-72666-9. S2CID 234774157.
^ Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781802209372.

[1] "Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com".

[2] Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional Development Group.

[3] Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research". Tourism Management. 27 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003.

[4] Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (3): 625–643. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4.

[dx.doi.org-5] Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya". Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 17: 29–43. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001.

[6] Coalter, F., Dimeo, P., Morrow, S., & Taylor, J. (2010). The Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland

[tour_crit-7] Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). "Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective". Routledge.

[Kublak2014-8] Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. ISBN 978-80-87715-12-3.

[9] "UIAA Activities". UIAA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

[10] Apollo, M. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6. ISBN 978-3-030-72666-9. S2CID 234774157.

[11] Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781802209372.

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