Satellite television

Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location.^[1] The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commonly referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter.

A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxes, or a built-in television tuner. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is usually the only television available in many remote geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television service.

Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the X band (8–12 GHz) or K_u band (12–18 GHz) frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter.^[2] The first satellite TV systems were an obsolete type now known as television receive-only. These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the C-band (4–8 GHz) from FSS type satellites, requiring the use of large 2–3-meter dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular.^[3]

Early systems used analog signals, but modern ones use digital signals which allow transmission of the modern television standard high-definition television, due to the significantly improved spectral efficiency of digital broadcasting. As of 2022, Star One D2 from Brazil is the only remaining satellite broadcasting in analog signals.^[4]^[5]

Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore free-to-air, while many other channels are transmitted with encryption. Free-to-view channels are encrypted but not charged-for, while pay television requires the viewer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.^[6]

Satellite TV has seen a decline in consumers since the 2010s due to the cord-cutting trend where people are shifting towards internet-based streaming television and free over-the-air television.^[7]

^ ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition: Broadcasting-satellite service
^ Cite error: The named reference m101 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes". FCC. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
^ "Star One D2 at 70.0°W". lyngsat.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ "Lista completa de frequências". Portal BSD (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). Copyright Infringement. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-247-3002-3. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ Newman, Jared (2019-02-13). "Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2019-07-05.

[:0-1] ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition: Broadcasting-satellite service

[m101-2] Cite error: The named reference m101 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[fcc-3] "Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes". FCC. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2008-11-21.

[4] "Star One D2 at 70.0°W". lyngsat.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.

[5] "Lista completa de frequências". Portal BSD (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-10.

[6] Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). Copyright Infringement. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-247-3002-3. Retrieved 18 September 2014.

[7] Newman, Jared (2019-02-13). "Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2019-07-05.

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