Donetsk People's Republic

Donetsk People's Republic
Донецкая Народная Республика
Coat of arms of Donetsk People's Republic
  • Location of the Donetsk People's Republic, occupying parts of Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, in Europe
  •   Russian control within Donetsk Oblast[1]
  •   Russian claimed territories within Donetsk Oblast[2]
DPR declared7 April 2014[3]
Annexation by Russia30 September 2022
Administrative centreDonetsk
Government
 • BodyPeople's Council
 • HeadDenis Pushilin
 • Prime MinisterYevgeny Solntsev
Population
 (2019)[4]
 • Total2,220,500[a]

The Donetsk People's Republic (Russian: Донецкая Народная Республика, romanizedDonetskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA: [dɐˈnʲetskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; abbreviated as DPR or DNR, Russian: ДНР) is an internationally unrecognized republic of Russia, comprising the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast,[5][6] with its capital in Donetsk. The DPR was created by Russian-backed paramilitaries in 2014,[7][8] and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.

Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary unrest erupted in the eastern part of the country. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, while armed separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent states. This sparked the war in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The DPR and LPR are often described as puppet states of Russia during this conflict.[9][10][11] They received no international recognition from United Nations member states before 2022.

On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the DPR and LPR as sovereign states. Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Donetsk Oblast, which became part of the DPR. In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the annexation of the DPR and other occupied territories, following referendums widely described as fraudulent by commentators. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".[12][13]

The Head of the Donetsk People's Republic is Denis Pushilin, and its parliament is the People's Council. The ideology of the DPR is shaped by right-wing Russian nationalism, Russian imperialism and Orthodox fundamentalism.[14] Russian far-right groups played an important role among the separatists, especially at the beginning of the conflict.[15] Organizations such as the UN Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the DPR, including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, and forced conscription,[16] as well as political and media repression. The DPR People's Militia has also been held responsible for war crimes, among them the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.[17] Ukraine views the DPR and LPR as terrorist organisations.[18]

  1. ^ "Institute for the Study of War".
  2. ^ "Путин: Россия признала ДНР и ЛНР в границах Донецкой и Луганской областей". BBC. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  3. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Protesters declare Donetsk 'republic'". BBC News. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Donetsk oblast". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  5. ^ Ledur, Júlia (21 November 2022). "What Russia has gained and lost so far in Ukraine, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  6. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W.; Lawlor, Katherine; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (30 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 30". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  7. ^ Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2022). "The First Four Years of the Donetsk People's Republic". The War in Ukraine's Donbas. Central European University Press. pp. 43–66. doi:10.7829/j.ctv26jp68t.7. ISBN 9789633864203. S2CID 245630627. This state was born as a result of the extreme polarization of Ukrainian society, has survived the military conflict with its former suzerain (Ukraine), and, at a certain stage of state building, began to enjoy Russia's support.
  8. ^ Toal, Gerard (2017). Near Abroad : Putin, the West, and the contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. New York. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-025331-8. OCLC 965543300. this does not mean that the Kremlin was behind all forms of protest against Euromaidan—this is clearly not the case—or that the Kremlin controlled the actions of all secessionist leaders, also clearly not so. Secessionist leaders and later rebel fighters had their own motivations. Having said that, there is considerable evidence to indicate that Russian state security structures worked in partnership with ostensibly private but functionally extended state networks of influence—oligarchic groups, veteran organizations, nationalist movements, biker gangs, and organized criminal networks—to encourage, support, and sustain separatist rebellion in eastern Ukraine from the very outset.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Johnson, Jamie; Parekh, Marcus; White, Josh; Vasilyeva, Nataliya (4 August 2022). "Officer who 'boasted' of killing civilians becomes Russia's first female commander to die". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  10. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (13 November 2018). "Eastern Ukraine: Why Putin Encouraged Sham Elections in Donbass". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  11. ^ von Twickel, Nikolaus; Sasse, Gwendolyn; Baumann, Mario (19 March 2018). "Russian Analytical Digest No 214: The Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine". css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  12. ^ "Ukraine: UN General Assembly demands Russia reverse course on 'attempted illegal annexation'". The United Nations. 12 October 2022.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference bbc20221013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 25–26. Retrieved 1 March 2022. The ideas of Russian imperial (and, to some extent, ethnic) nationalism and Orthodox fundamentalism shaped the official ideology of the DNR and LNR. ... It can therefore be argued that the official ideology of the DNR and LNR, which developed under the influence of Russian far-right activists, is largely right-wing, conservative and xenophobic in character.
  15. ^ Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 1 March 2022. Members of far-right groups played a much greater role on the Russian side of the conflict than on the Ukrainian side, especially at the beginning.
  16. ^ Bachelet, Michelle (5 July 2022). "Ukraine: High Commissioner updates Human Rights Council". Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (United Nations). Retrieved 6 February 2023. We are also concerned about confirmed allegations of forced conscription by Russian-affiliated armed groups at the end of February 2022, in Donetsk and Luhansk.
  17. ^ Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (18 November 2022). "3 convicted in 2014 downing of Malaysian jet over Ukraine". Associated Press.
  18. ^ "Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics as terrorist organizations". Kyiv Post. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.


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