Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide
Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen sulfide	Spacefill model of hydrogen sulfide Sulfur, S Hydrogen, H
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Hydrogen sulfide
	Other names Dihydrogen monosulfide; Sour gas; Dihydrogen sulfide; Sewer gas; Egg gas; Sulfane; Sulfurated hydrogen; Sulfureted hydrogen; Sulfuretted hydrogen; Sulfur hydride; Hydrosulfuric acid; Hydrothionic acid; Thiohydroxic acid; Sulfhydric acid;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7783-06-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
3DMet	B01206;
Beilstein Reference	3535004
ChEBI	CHEBI:16136 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200739 ;
ChemSpider	391 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.070
EC Number	231-977-3;
Gmelin Reference	303
KEGG	C00283 ;
MeSH	Hydrogen+sulfide
PubChem CID	402;
RTECS number	MX1225000;
UNII	YY9FVM7NSN ;
UN number	1053
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4024149 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H2S/h1H2 Key: RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/H2S/h1H2 Key: RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYAJ;
	SMILES S;
Properties
Chemical formula	H2S
Molar mass	34.08 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Foul, pungent, like that of rotten eggs
Density	1.539 g.L−1 (0°C)
Melting point	−85.5 °C (−121.9 °F; 187.7 K)
Boiling point	−59.55 °C (−75.19 °F; 213.60 K)
Solubility in water	3.980 g dm−3 (at 20 °C)
Vapor pressure	1740 kPa (at 21 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	7.0
Conjugate acid	Sulfonium
Conjugate base	Bisulfide
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−25.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.000644 (0 °C)
Structure
Point group	C2v
Molecular shape	Bent
Dipole moment	0.97 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	1.003 J K−1 g−1
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	206 J mol−1 K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−21 kJ mol−1
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Flammable and highly toxic
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H220, H330, H400
Precautionary statements	P210, P260, P271, P273, P284, P304+P340, P310, P320, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 4 0
Flash point	−82.4 °C (−116.3 °F; 190.8 K)
Autoignition; temperature	232 °C (450 °F; 505 K)
Explosive limits	4.3–46%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	713 ppm (rat, 1 hr); 673 ppm (mouse, 1 hr); 634 ppm (mouse, 1 hr); 444 ppm (rat, 4 hr);
LCLo (lowest published)	600 ppm (human, 30 min); 800 ppm (human, 5 min);
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	C 20 ppm; 50 ppm [10-minute maximum peak]
REL (Recommended)	C 10 ppm (15 mg/m3) [10-minute]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	100 ppm
Related compounds
Related hydrogen chalcogenides	Water; Hydrogen selenide; Hydrogen telluride; Hydrogen polonide; Hydrogen disulfide; Sulfanyl;
Related compounds	Phosphine
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula H₂S. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.^[11] Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele is credited with having discovered the chemical composition of purified hydrogen sulfide in 1777.^[12]

Hydrogen sulfide is toxic to humans and most other animals by inhibiting cellular respiration in a manner similar to hydrogen cyanide. When it is inhaled or its salts are ingested in high amounts,^{[clarification needed]} damage to organs occurs rapidly with symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to convulsions and death.^[13]^[14] Despite this, the human body produces small amounts of this sulfide and its mineral salts, and uses it as a signalling molecule.^[15]

Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion, which is done by sulfate-reducing microorganisms. It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas deposits, and sometimes in well-drawn water.

^ "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ ^a ^b Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
^ ^a ^b William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–87. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.
^ "Hydrogen sulfide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
^ Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
^ Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0337". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b "Hydrogen sulfide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Hydrogen sulfide". npi.gov.au.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Smith, Roger P. (2010). "A Short History of Hydrogen Sulfide". American Scientist. 98 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2010.82.6.
^ Shackelford, R. E.; Li, Y.; Ghali, G. E.; Kevil, C. G. (2021). "Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation". Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1820. doi:10.3390/antiox10111820. PMC 8614844. PMID 34829691.
^ Reiffenstein, R. J.; Hulbert, W. C.; Roth, S. H. (1992). "Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 32: 109–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545. PMID 1605565.
^ Bos, E. M; Van Goor, H; Joles, J. A; Whiteman, M; Leuvenink, H. G (2015). "Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (6): 1479–1493. doi:10.1111/bph.12869. PMC 4369258. PMID 25091411.

[pubchem-1] "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

[Pradyot_Patnaik-2] Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.

[crc97-3] William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–87. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.

[4] "Hydrogen sulfide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

[5] Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

[6] Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.

[b1-7] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[PGCH-8] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0337". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-9] "Hydrogen sulfide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[10] "Hydrogen sulfide". npi.gov.au.

[11] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[americansci-12] Smith, Roger P. (2010). "A Short History of Hydrogen Sulfide". American Scientist. 98 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2010.82.6.

[13] Shackelford, R. E.; Li, Y.; Ghali, G. E.; Kevil, C. G. (2021). "Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation". Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1820. doi:10.3390/antiox10111820. PMC 8614844. PMID 34829691.

[14] Reiffenstein, R. J.; Hulbert, W. C.; Roth, S. H. (1992). "Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 32: 109–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545. PMID 1605565.

[15] Bos, E. M; Van Goor, H; Joles, J. A; Whiteman, M; Leuvenink, H. G (2015). "Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (6): 1479–1493. doi:10.1111/bph.12869. PMC 4369258. PMID 25091411.

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