Austro-Hungarian Monarchy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1867–1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coat of arms (1915–1918)
(see also Flags of Austria-Hungary) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Motto: Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter (Latin for 'Indivisibly and inseparably') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anthem: Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze (English: God preserve, God protect) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Largest city | Vienna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Official languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common languages | German, Hungarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Romanian, Bosnian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Italian, Romani (Carpathian), Yiddish,[4] and others (Friulian, Istro-Romanian, Ladin) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion |
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Demonym(s) | Austro-Hungarian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emperor-King | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1867–1916 | Franz Joseph I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1916–1918 | Karl I & IV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minister-President of Austria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1867 (first) | F. F. von Beust | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1918 (last) | Heinrich Lammasch | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1867–1871 (first) | Gyula Andrássy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1918 (last) | Mihály Károlyi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Two national legislatures | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 March 1867 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 October 1879 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 October 1908 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 June 1914 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 July 1914 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 October 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 November 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 November 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 September 1919 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 June 1920 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1905[6] | 621,538 km2 (239,977 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1910 estimate | 51,390,223[7][8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Currency |
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Austria-Hungary,[c] also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe[d] between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consisted of two sovereign states with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.[9] Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg monarchy: it was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after Hungary terminated the union with Austria on 31 October 1918.
One of Europe's major powers at the time, Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world.[10] With the exception of the territory of the Bosnian Condominium, the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary were separate sovereign countries in international law.[11][12][13]
At its core was the dual monarchy, which was a real union[citation needed] between Cisleithania, the northern and western parts of the former Austrian Empire, and Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary). Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power.[14] The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing the two "common" portfolios. A third component of the union was the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement in 1868. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian joint military and civilian rule[15] until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis.[16]
Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I, which began with an Austro-Hungarian war declaration on the Kingdom of Serbia on 28 July 1914. It was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary and the First Austrian Republic were treated as its successors de jure, whereas the independence of the First Czechoslovak Republic, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, respectively, and most of the territorial demands of the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy were also recognized by the victorious powers in 1920.
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