Back الغزو المغولي لروس Arabic Мангола-татарскае нашэсце Byelorussian Монголско нашествие в Киевска Рус Bulgarian Invasió mongola de la Rus de Kíev Catalan Mongolský vpád na Rus Czech Mongolernes invasion af Rus' Danish Mongolische Invasion der Rus German Invasión mongola de la Rus de Kiev Spanish Mongolite invasioon Venemaale Estonian حمله مغول به روس کییف Persian
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| Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus | |||||||||
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| Part of Mongol invasions and conquests | |||||||||
 The Mongol invasion of Europe, 1236–1242 | |||||||||
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Mongol Empire Brodnici Golden Horde | |||||||||
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1236:
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| History of East Slavs |
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| Middle Ages |
| Early modern period |
| Modern period |
| Post-Soviet states |
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The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest such as Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants). The Mongol siege and sack of Kiev in 1240 is generally held to mark the end of Kievan Rus' as a distinct, singular polity.[1][2] Many other Rus' principalities and urban centres in the northwest and southwest escaped destruction or suffered little to no damage from the Mongol invasion, including Galicia-Volhynia, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and probably Rostov and Uglich.[1][3][4][5][6]
The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus' principalities as well as the remnants of the Cumans under Köten. The Mongols retreated, having gathered their intelligence, which was the purpose of the reconnaissance-in-force. A full-scale invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan followed, from 1237 to 1241. The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan. Even those Rus' principalities who avoided physical conquest, were eventually forced to accept Mongol supremacy in the form of tribute - as in the case of Galicia-Volhynia, Polotsk and Novgorod - if not outright vassalage, of the Golden Horde, until well into the 14th century.[2]
The invasion facilitated the breaking of the Kievan Rus' principalities, having profound ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe, including the division of the East Slavic people into separate polities.[1][7]
- ^ a b c Plokhy, Serhii (2015). The gates of Europe : a history of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books. pp. (p. 48–52). ISBN 9780465050918.
- ^ a b "Rusland §2. Het Rijk van Kiëv". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 99.
- ^ Martin, Michael (17 April 2017). City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62894-281-1.
- ^ "The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ Douglas, Robert Kennaway; Jülg, Bernhard (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 712–721.
- ^ Boris Rybakov, Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII-XIII вв. (Kievan Rus' and Russian Principalities in the 12th and 13th Centuries), Moscow: Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-009795-0.
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