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Smallpox vaccine

Smallpox vaccine
The smallpox vaccine diluent in a syringe alongside a vial of Dryvax dried smallpox vaccine and bifurcated needle
Vaccine description
TargetSmallpox, Mpox
Vaccine typeLive virus
Clinical data
Trade namesACAM2000, Imvanex, Jynneos, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG

The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus. Cowpox served as a natural vaccine until the modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a global vaccination campaign that eradicated smallpox, making it the only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination is no longer performed on the general public, the vaccine is still being produced to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, and mpox.[10][11]

The term vaccine derives from the Latin word for cow, reflecting the origins of smallpox vaccination. Edward Jenner referred to cowpox as variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow). The origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time,[12] especially after Louis Pasteur developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century. Allan Watt Downie demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox,[13] and vaccinia was subsequently recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that vaccinia is most closely related to horsepox, and the cowpox strains found in Great Britain are the least closely related to vaccinia.[14]

  1. ^ "ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine (live vaccinia virus) vial with diluent". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  2. ^ "Imvamune Product information". Health Canada. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  3. ^ "Smallpox vaccine Product information". Health Canada. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Smallpox vaccine Product information". Health Canada. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Regulatory Decision Summary for ACAM2000". Drug and Health Products Portal. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Jynneos Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  7. ^ "ACAM2000 (smallpox- vaccinia vaccine, live injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution)". DailyMed. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  8. ^ "Jynneos- vaccinia virus modified strain ankara-bavarian nordic non-replicating antigen injection, suspension". DailyMed. 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Imvanex EPAR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Metzger W, Mordmueller BG (July 2007). Metzger W (ed.). "Vaccines for preventing smallpox". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 (3): CD004913. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2. PMC 6532594. PMID 17636779.
  11. ^ Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), "A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values"; Pediatr Infect Dis J;22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98.
  12. ^ Baxby D (1981). Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin. Heinemann Educational Books. ISBN 978-0-435-54057-9.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference downie1939 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, et al. (August 2011). "Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23086. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623086C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023086. PMC 3152555. PMID 21858000.

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