Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
	; PLA marching into Kangding, Tibet
Date	6 October 1950 – 23 May 1951; (7 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Tibet
Result	Seventeen Point Agreement
Territorial; changes	Tibet is annexed by the People's Republic of China.
Belligerents
Tibet	People's Republic of China
Commanders and leaders
Ngawang Sungrab Thutob; Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (POW); Lhalu Tsewang Dorje	Mao Zedong; Liu Bocheng; Zhang Guohua; Fan Ming
Units involved
Tibetan Army	People's Liberation Army Ground Force

Tibet came under the control of People's Republic of China (PRC) after the Government of Tibet signed the Seventeen Point Agreement which the 14th Dalai Lama ratified on 24 October 1951,^[6] but later repudiated on the grounds that he had rendered his approval for the agreement under duress.^[7] This occurred after attempts by the Tibetan Government to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its military, negotiations between the Government of Tibet and the PRC, and a military conflict in the Chamdo area of western Kham in October 1950.^[8]^[9] The series of events came to be called the "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" by the Chinese government,^[10]^[11]^[12] and the "Chinese invasion of Tibet" by the Central Tibetan Administration^[13] and the Tibetan diaspora.^[14]

The Government of Tibet and the Tibetan social structure remained in place in the Tibetan polity under the authority of China until the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when the Dalai Lama fled into exile and after which the Government of Tibet and Tibetan social structures were dissolved.^[15]^[16]

^ Mackerras, Colin. Yorke, Amanda. The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China. [1991]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38755-8. p.100.
^ Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991). A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951, the demise of the lamaist state. University of California Press. p. 639.
^ Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, 14th Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990 ISBN 0-349-10462-X
^ Laird 2006 p.301.
^ Shakya 1999, p.43
^ A. Tom Grunfeld (30 July 1996). The Making of Modern Tibet. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9.
^ "The Dalai Lama's Press Statements - Statement issued at Tezpur" (PDF). 18 April 1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022.
^ Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015. It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.
^ Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (October 2009). One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. BRILL. pp. 953, 955. ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1.
^ "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Dawa Norbu (2001). China's Tibet Policy. Psychology Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-7007-0474-3.
^ Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989), pp. 679 740
^ "China could not succeed in destroying Buddhism in Tibet: Sangay". Central Tibetan Administration. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Siling, Luo (14 August 2016). "A Writer's Quest to Unearth the Roots of Tibet's Unrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^ Latson, Jennifer (17 March 2015). "How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet". Time. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
^ Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997), pp. 54–55; Feigon (1996), pp. 160–161; Shakya 1999 p.208,240,241. (all sources: fled Tibet, repudiated agreement, dissolved local government).

[Mac-1] Mackerras, Colin. Yorke, Amanda. The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China. [1991]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38755-8. p.100.

[Goldstein_1991_639-2] Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991). A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951, the demise of the lamaist state. University of California Press. p. 639.

[3] Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, 14th Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990 ISBN 0-349-10462-X

[Laird301-4] Laird 2006 p.301.

[shakya43-5] Shakya 1999, p.43

[Grunfeld1996-6] A. Tom Grunfeld (30 July 1996). The Making of Modern Tibet. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9.

[7] "The Dalai Lama's Press Statements - Statement issued at Tezpur" (PDF). 18 April 1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022.

[8] Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015. It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.

[9] Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (October 2009). One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. BRILL. pp. 953, 955. ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1.

[10] "Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

[Norbu2001-11] Dawa Norbu (2001). China's Tibet Policy. Psychology Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-7007-0474-3.

[GoldsteinRimpoche1989-12] Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Vol. 1 (1989), pp. 679 740

[13] "China could not succeed in destroying Buddhism in Tibet: Sangay". Central Tibetan Administration. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

[14] Siling, Luo (14 August 2016). "A Writer's Quest to Unearth the Roots of Tibet's Unrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2020.

[15] Latson, Jennifer (17 March 2015). "How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet". Time. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

[autogenerated54-16] Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997), pp. 54–55; Feigon (1996), pp. 160–161; Shakya 1999 p.208,240,241. (all sources: fled Tibet, repudiated agreement, dissolved local government).

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