Arab Winter

Arab Winter
Part of the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the War on Terror
ISIL fighters on a captured T-55 tank in the Syrian civil war
Date	Mid-2012 to roughly 2019 (~7 years) (ongoing in some countries)
Location	Middle East, especially Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya
Caused by	Arab Spring
Goals	Islamic extremism
Methods	Civil wars Insurgency Election of Islamist governments (in some countries)
Resulted in	European migrant crisis resurgence of political Islam in government in Tunisia election of Mohamed Morsi to presidency in Egypt Morsi's subsequent overthrow in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état authoritarian crackdown against political Islam in Syria and the new Sisi government in Egypt Rise of ISIS, resurgence of Al-Qaeda in Syria, and an influx of foreign fighters fighting for these groups Second Libyan Civil War

The Arab Winter^{[1][2][3][4][5]} (Arabic: الشتاء العربي, romanized: ash-shitāʼ al-ʻarabī) is a term referring to the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism^[6] in some Arab countries in the 2010s in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests.^[7] The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Middle East and North Africa, including the Syrian civil war,^[8][9] the Iraqi insurgency and the subsequent War in Iraq,^[10] the Egyptian Crisis,^[11] the First Libyan Civil War and the subsequent Second Libyan Civil War, and the Yemeni civil war.^[12] Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.^[13]

The term was first coined by Chinese political scientist Zhang Weiwei during a debate with American political scientist Francis Fukuyama on June 27, 2011. Fukuyama believed the Arab Spring movement would inevitably spread to China, while Zhang predicted the Arab Spring would soon turn into an Arab Winter.^[14][15]

According to scholars of the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring fully devolved into the Arab Winter four years after its onset, in 2014.^[16] The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional wars, mounting regional instability,^[17] economic and demographic decline of Arab countries,^[18] and ethno-religious sectarian strife.^[19] According to a study by the American University of Beirut, by the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.^[20] Perhaps the most significant event in the Arab Winter was the rise of the extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, which controlled swathes of land in the region from 2014 to 2019.^[21]

In 2023, multiple armed conflicts are still continuing that might be seen as a result of the Arab Spring. The Syrian Civil War has caused massive political instability and economic hardship in Syria, with the Syrian currency plunging to new lows.^[22] In Yemen, a civil war and subsequent intervention by Saudi Arabia continues to affect the country.^[23]