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Cytokine release syndrome

Not to be confused with Cytokine storm.
Cytokine release syndrome
Other namesInfusion-related reaction (IRR), infusion reaction,[1] cytokine storm[2]
SpecialtyImmunology

In immunology, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as infections and certain drugs.[3] It refers to cytokine storm syndromes (CSS)[4] and occurs when large numbers of white blood cells are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which in turn activate yet more white blood cells. CRS is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal antibody medications, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies.[5][6] When occurring as a result of a medication, it is also known as an infusion reaction.[1]

The term cytokine storm is often used interchangeably with CRS but, despite the fact that they have similar clinical phenotype, their characteristics are different. When occurring as a result of a therapy, CRS symptoms may be delayed until days or weeks after treatment. Immediate-onset CRS is a cytokine storm,[7] although severe cases of CRS have also been called cytokine storms.[2]

  1. ^ a b Vogel WH (April 2010). "Infusion reactions: diagnosis, assessment, and management". Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 14 (2): E10-21. doi:10.1188/10.CJON.E10-E21. PMID 20350882.
  2. ^ a b Vidal JM, Kawabata TT, Thorpe R, Silva-Lima B, Cederbrant K, Poole S, et al. (August 2010). "In vitro cytokine release assays for predicting cytokine release syndrome: the current state-of-the-science. Report of a European Medicines Agency Workshop". Cytokine. 51 (2): 213–5. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.04.008. PMID 20471854.
  3. ^ Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Gödel P, Subklewe M, Stemmler HJ, Schlößer HA, Schlaak M, et al. (June 2018). "Cytokine release syndrome". Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 6 (1): 56. doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0343-9. PMC 6003181. PMID 29907163.
  4. ^ Behrens EM, Koretzky GA (June 2017). "Review: Cytokine Storm Syndrome: Looking Toward the Precision Medicine Era". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 69 (6): 1135–1143. doi:10.1002/art.40071. PMID 28217930. S2CID 21925082.
  5. ^ Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, Louis CU, Ahmed N, Jensen M, et al. (July 2014). "Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome". Blood. 124 (2): 188–95. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729. PMC 4093680. PMID 24876563.
  6. ^ Kroschinsky F, Stölzel F, von Bonin S, Beutel G, Kochanek M, Kiehl M, Schellongowski P (April 2017). "New drugs, new toxicities: severe side effects of modern targeted and immunotherapy of cancer and their management". Critical Care. 21 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1678-1. PMC 5391608. PMID 28407743.
  7. ^ Porter D, Frey N, Wood PA, Weng Y, Grupp SA (March 2018). "Grading of cytokine release syndrome associated with the CAR T cell therapy tisagenlecleucel". Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 11 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/s13045-018-0571-y. PMC 5833070. PMID 29499750.

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