Demographics of Canada

Demographics of Canada
Demographics of Canada
	Population pyramid of Canada in 2023
Population	40,769,890 (2024 Q1 est.)
Growth rate	0.85% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	10.17 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	83.8 years
• male	81.52 years
• female	86.21 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate	1.33 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	15.99%
65 and over	18.98%
Sex ratio
Total	0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.75 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Canadian
Major ethnic	White (69.8%)
Minor ethnic	South Asian (7.1%); Indigenous (5%); Chinese (4.7%); Black (4.3%); Filipino (2.6%); Arab (1.9%); Latin American (1.6%); Southeast Asian (1.1%); West Asian (1%); Korean (0.6%); Japanese (0.3%); Multiracial/Other, excluding Métis (3.2%)
Language
Official	English (55.97%) ; French (20.61%)
Spoken	Mandarin (1.7%) ; Cantonese (1.63%) ; Punjabi (1.44%) ; Spanish (1.32%) ; Tagalog (1.24%) ; Arabic (1.21%) ; German (1.1%) ; Italian (1.08%) ; Others (12.7%)
	Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information.

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.^[5] It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024.^[6] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.^[7] The main driver of population growth is immigration.^[8]^[9] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.^[10]

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,^[11] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.^[12]^[13] In 2021, a total of 405,330 immigrants were admitted to Canada, mainly from South Asia.^[14]^[15] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.^[16] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,^[17] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.^[18]^[19]

^ "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. December 19, 2023. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26. In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cite error: The named reference 2021censusA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference indigenous2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ Colley, Mark (2024-03-28). "Canada's population hits 41 million, growing by a million in just nine months". Toronto Star.
^ "Energy Efficiency Trends in Canada, 1990 to 2008". Natural Resources Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
^ Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
^ Cite error: The named reference statcangc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (February 8, 2017). "Canada's population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
^ Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
^ Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip; Orrenius, Pia (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition. Stanford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8047-8627-0. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.
^ Beaujot, Roderic P.; Kerr, Donald W. (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-04-12). "Permanent Residents – Monthly IRCC Updates". Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ Anderson, Stuart (2020). "Immigrants Flock To Canada, While U.S. Declines". Forbes. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
^ Grubel, Herbert G. (2009). The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society. Fraser Institute. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-88975-246-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
^ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ Simmons, Alan (2010). Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-55130-362-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
^ Jason, Markusoff (January 23, 2019). "Canada now brings in more refugees than the U.S." macleans.ca. Rogers Media.

[1] "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. December 19, 2023. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.

[2021newsreleaseB-2] Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26. In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups.

[2021censusA-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cite error: The named reference 2021censusA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[indigenous2021-4] Cite error: The named reference indigenous2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2021cen-5] "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved February 9, 2022.

[6] Colley, Mark (2024-03-28). "Canada's population hits 41 million, growing by a million in just nine months". Toronto Star.

[7] "Energy Efficiency Trends in Canada, 1990 to 2008". Natural Resources Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.

[8] Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

[statcangc-9] Cite error: The named reference statcangc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[10] Campion-Smith, Bruce (February 8, 2017). "Canada's population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.

[11] Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

[HollifieldMartin2014-12] Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip; Orrenius, Pia (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition. Stanford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8047-8627-0. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.

[BeaujotKerr2007j-13] Beaujot, Roderic P.; Kerr, Donald W. (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

[ImmigrationCurrent-14] Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-04-12). "Permanent Residents – Monthly IRCC Updates". Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[15] Anderson, Stuart (2020). "Immigrants Flock To Canada, While U.S. Declines". Forbes. Retrieved April 16, 2020.

[16] Grubel, Herbert G. (2009). The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society. Fraser Institute. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-88975-246-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

[17] "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.

[18] Simmons, Alan (2010). Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-55130-362-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

[19] Jason, Markusoff (January 23, 2019). "Canada now brings in more refugees than the U.S." macleans.ca. Rogers Media.

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Demographics of Canada
Population pyramid of Canada in 2023
Population	40,769,890^[1] (2024 Q1 est.)
Growth rate	0.85% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	10.17 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	83.8 years
• male	81.52 years
• female	86.21 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate	1.33 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	15.99%
65 and over	18.98%
Sex ratio
Total	0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.75 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Canadian
Major ethnic	White (69.8%)^[2]^[3]
Minor ethnic	South Asian (7.1%)^[3] Indigenous (5%)^[4] Chinese (4.7%)^[3] Black (4.3%)^[3] Filipino (2.6%)^[3] Arab (1.9%)^[3] Latin American (1.6%)^[3] Southeast Asian (1.1%)^[3] West Asian (1%)^[3] Korean (0.6%)^[3] Japanese (0.3%)^[3] Multiracial/Other, excluding Métis (3.2%)^[3]
Language
Official	English (55.97%) French (20.61%)
Spoken	Mandarin (1.7%) Cantonese (1.63%) Punjabi (1.44%) Spanish (1.32%) Tagalog (1.24%) Arabic (1.21%) German (1.1%) Italian (1.08%) Others (12.7%)
Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information.