French conquest of Algeria

French conquest of Algeria
	Part of the French colonization of Africa
	; La prise de Constantine by Horace Vernet
Date	1830–1903 (73 years)
Location	Algeria
Result	French victory Pacification of Algeria;
Belligerents
Kingdom of France (Bourbon) (until July 1830); Kingdom of France (Orléans) (1830–1848); Second French Republic (1848–1852); Second French Empire (1852–1870); Third French Republic (1870 onward); French Algeria; Support:; Morocco (1847)	Regency of Algiers; Constantine; Titteri; Oran; Emirate of Mascara; Kingdom of Ait Abbas; Sultanate of Tuggurt; Kel Ahaggar; Awlad Sidi Shaykh; Various other tribal confederations; Various bandits; Support:; Morocco (until 1844)
Commanders and leaders
Charles X ; Louis Philippe I ; Napoleon III ; Adolphe Thiers ; Jules Grévy ; Émile Loubet ; Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont; Sylvain Charles Valée; Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont †; E. Pellissier de Reynaud; Aimable Pélissier; Louis Juchault de Lamoricière; Baron Pierre Berthezène; G. Stanislas Marey-Monge ; Duc Henri d'Orléans; Bertrand Clauzel; Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans; Louis Henri de Gueydon; Théophile Voirol; Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon; Viala Charon; Jacques Louis Randon; Jean Louis Marie Ladislas Walsin-Esterhazy; Edmond-Charles de Martimprey; Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul; Antoine Chanzy; Thomas Robert Bugeaud; Marie Alphonse Bedeau; Nicolas Changarnier; Anne Jean Marie René Savary	Hussein Dey; Ahmed Bey; Emir Abdelkader; Dély Ibrahim; Hassan Bey; Ben-Zaamoum; Mostéfa Boumezrag; Ali ben Aïssa; Ahmed bin Salem; Mohammed Ben Allel †; Cheikh Bouhamedi; Cheikh Mokrani †; Boumezrag Mokrani; Cheikh El Haddad ; Si Aziz; Soliman IV; Cheikh Bouamama; Lalla Fatma; Sherif Boubaghla †; Mohammed ag Bessa †; Aytarel ag Muhammad; Attici ag Amellal
Strength
Invasion force: 34,000 troops, 83 guns; 100 warships; 11 ships-of-the-line; 572 merchantmen; ; Ultimately:; 160,000 troops;	Unknown
Casualties and losses
117,630–200,000 military losses (including 7,469 killed in action, 1830–1875); 480,000 total dead (civilians and soldiers, 1830–1862)	500,000–1,000,000 total dead (mostly civilians, 1830–1860)

The French conquest of Algeria (French: Conquête de l'Algérie par la France; Arabic: الغزو الفرنسي للجزائر) took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a blockade, following which the July Monarchy of France invaded and quickly seized Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities. Amid internal political strife in France, decisions were repeatedly taken to retain control of the territory, and additional military forces were brought in over the following years to quell resistance in the interior of the country.

Initially, the Algerian resistance was mainly divided between forces under Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif at Constantine, seeking to reinstate the Regency of Algiers, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in the west and center. Treaties with the nationalists under Emir Abdelkader enabled the French to first focus on the elimination of the remnants of the Deylik, achieved with the 1837 Siege of Constantine. Abd Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west. Finally driven into Morocco in 1842, by large-scale and heavy-handed French military action, he continued to wage a guerrilla war until the Moroccan government, under French diplomatic pressure following its defeat in the Franco-Moroccan War, attacked him and drove him out of Morocco. He surrendered to French forces in 1847. Some governments and scholars have considered France's conquest of Algeria as constituting a genocide.^[15]^[16]^[17]

^ Tucker (2009), p. 1154.
^ Tucker (2009), p. 1167.
^ Kateb, Kamel; Benjamin Stora (2001). Européens, « indigènes » et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962): représentations et réalités des populations (in French). Paris: INED. pp. 11–14. ISBN 2-7332-0145-X..
^ Foran, John (2005). Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-139-44518-4.
^ Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-52432-2.
^ Sivak, Henry (2008). Law, territory, and the legal geography of French rule in Algeria: The forestry domain, 1830–1903. p. 87 – via ProQuest.
^ Issawi, Charles (2013). An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-134-56051-6.
^ Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, ed. (1988). The Precarious Balance: State And Society In Africa. Avalon Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-86531-738-3.
^ Rothchild, Donald S.; Chazan, Naomi H. (1988). The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Westview Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-86531-738-3.
^ ^a ^b Greenhalgh, Michael (2014). The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa. Brill. p. 366. ISBN 9789004271630. by 1870 the army had lost over 150,000 men. As for the wider carnage, Urbain states in 1862 that the previous 32 years had killed, at a conservative estimate, over 480,000 people, not just soldiers. The troops suffered most at first but then, as barracks and hospitals were built, it was civilians who fell sick in greater proportion – and the natives probably lost over 500,000 souls
^ Cite error: The named reference Schaller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Jalata was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Kateb, Kamel (2001). Européens, "indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830–1962): représentations et réalités des populations. INED. p. 11. ISBN 978-2-7332-0145-9.
^ Davis, Diana K. (2014). Les mythes environnementaux de la colonisation française au Maghreb. Editions Champ Vallon. ISBN 978-2-87673-949-9.
^ Gallois, William (20 February 2013). "Genocide in nineteenth-century Algeria". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (1): 69–88. doi:10.1080/14623528.2012.759395. S2CID 143969946. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ "Disowning Morris".
^ Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0300100983.

[FOOTNOTETucker20091154-1] Tucker (2009), p. 1154.

[FOOTNOTETucker20091167-2] Tucker (2009), p. 1167.

[3] Kateb, Kamel; Benjamin Stora (2001). Européens, « indigènes » et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962): représentations et réalités des populations (in French). Paris: INED. pp. 11–14. ISBN 2-7332-0145-X..

[4] Foran, John (2005). Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-139-44518-4.

[5] Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-52432-2.

[6] Sivak, Henry (2008). Law, territory, and the legal geography of French rule in Algeria: The forestry domain, 1830–1903. p. 87 – via ProQuest.

[7] Issawi, Charles (2013). An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-134-56051-6.

[8] Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, ed. (1988). The Precarious Balance: State And Society In Africa. Avalon Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-86531-738-3.

[RothchildChazan1988-9] Rothchild, Donald S.; Chazan, Naomi H. (1988). The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Westview Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-86531-738-3.

[Greenhalgh-10] Greenhalgh, Michael (2014). The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa. Brill. p. 366. ISBN 9789004271630. by 1870 the army had lost over 150,000 men. As for the wider carnage, Urbain states in 1862 that the previous 32 years had killed, at a conservative estimate, over 480,000 people, not just soldiers. The troops suffered most at first but then, as barracks and hospitals were built, it was civilians who fell sick in greater proportion – and the natives probably lost over 500,000 souls

[Schaller-11] Cite error: The named reference Schaller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Jalata-12] Cite error: The named reference Jalata was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[13] Kateb, Kamel (2001). Européens, "indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830–1962): représentations et réalités des populations. INED. p. 11. ISBN 978-2-7332-0145-9.

[14] Davis, Diana K. (2014). Les mythes environnementaux de la colonisation française au Maghreb. Editions Champ Vallon. ISBN 978-2-87673-949-9.

[15] Gallois, William (20 February 2013). "Genocide in nineteenth-century Algeria". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (1): 69–88. doi:10.1080/14623528.2012.759395. S2CID 143969946. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

[16] "Disowning Morris".

[17] Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0300100983.

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