Back الحماية الفرنسية على المغرب Arabic لحماية لفرانساوية على لمغريب ARY Protectoráu francés de Marruecos AST Френско Мароко Bulgarian মরোক্কোতে ফরাসি প্রটেক্টরেট Bengali/Bangla Protectorat francès del Marroc Catalan Francouzské Maroko Czech Protectoriaeth Ffrengig ym Moroco Welsh Fransk Marokko Danish Französisch-Marokko German
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French protectorate in Morocco | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912–1956 | |||||||||
| Anthem: | |||||||||
![The French conquest of Morocco, c. 1907–1927[2]](view_image.php?q=French_protectorate_in_Morocco&sq=NATO&lang=en&file=File:French_conquest_of_Morocco.png) The French conquest of Morocco, c. 1907–1927[2] | |||||||||
| Status | Protectorate of France | ||||||||
| Capital | Rabat | ||||||||
| Official languages | French | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam Judaism Roman Catholicism | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy (under colonial administration) | ||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||
• 1912–1927 | Yusef | ||||||||
• 1927–1953 | Mohammed V | ||||||||
• 1953–1955 | Mohammed VI[a] | ||||||||
• 1955–1956 | Mohammed V | ||||||||
| Resident-General | |||||||||
• 1912–1925 (first) | Hubert Lyautey | ||||||||
• 1955–1956 (last) | André Louis Dubois | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
| 30 March 1912 | |||||||||
• Independence | 7 April 1956[3] | ||||||||
| Currency | Moroccan rial (1912–1921) Moroccan franc (1921–1956) French franc (de facto official) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
![Flag[1]](view_image.php?q=French_protectorate_in_Morocco&sq=NATO&lang=en&file=File:Merchant_flag_of_French_Morocco.svg)
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The French protectorate in Morocco,[4] also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956.[5] The protectorate was officially established 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fez, though the French military occupation of Morocco had begun with the invasion of Oujda and the bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.[5]
The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration.[6] Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the Revolution of the King and the People, restored the exiled Mohammed V but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.[7]
While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations. [8] The number of French settlers declined constantly, [9] especially after their agricultural holdings were nationalized. [10] Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961. [11]
The French protectorate shared territory with the Spanish protectorate, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River, including sparse tribal lands.[12] The official capital was Rabat.
- ^ Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838 [1] Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521810708 – via Google Books.
- ^ "National Holidays & Religious Holidays". Maroc.ma. 4 October 2013.
- ^ (French: Protectorat français au Maroc; Arabic: الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب)
- ^ a b Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
- ^ "Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP". mjp.univ-perp.fr. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 35 (4): 569–592. doi:10.1080/03086530701667526. S2CID 153965067.
- ^ Mounya Essemlali, Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962), [[2]], Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).
- ^ From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)
- ^ Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.
- ^ Amina Aouchard, Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance, [3]] Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.
- ^ Nelson, Harold (1985). Morocco, a Country Study. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University.
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