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Goddess movement

One version of the Spiral Goddess symbol of modern Paganism

The Goddess movement is a revivalistic Neopagan religious movement[1] which includes spiritual beliefs and practices that emerged predominantly in the Western world[1] (North America, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand) during the 1970s.[2] The movement grew as a reaction both against Abrahamic religions,[1] which exclusively have gods with whom are referred by masculine grammatical articles and pronouns,[3][4] and secularism.[5] It revolves around Goddess worship and the veneration for the divine feminine, and may include a focus on women or on one or more understandings of gender or femininity.[1]

The Goddess movement is a widespread non-centralized trend in modern Paganism, and it therefore has no centralized tenets of belief.[6] Beliefs and practices vary widely among Goddess worshippers, from the name and the number of goddesses worshipped to the specific rituals and rites that are used.[1] Some, such as Dianic Wicca, exclusively worship female deities, but others do not. Belief systems range from monotheistic to polytheistic to pantheistic, and encompass a range of theological variety similar to that in the broader Neopagan community.[1] Common pluralistic belief means that a self-identified Goddess worshipper could theoretically worship any number of different female deities from various cultures and religions all over the world.[7][8] Based on its characteristics, the Goddess movement is also referred to as a form of cultural religiosity that is increasingly diverse, geographically widespread, eclectic, and more dynamic in process.[9]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Nicolae, Téa (January 2023). "The Western Revival of Goddess Worship". Feminist Theology. 31 (2). SAGE Publications: 130–142. doi:10.1177/09667350221135089. ISSN 1745-5189. S2CID 254735598.
  2. ^ Rountree, Kathryn (2004). Embracing the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual-makers in New Zealand. London: Psychology Press. pp. ix, 9. ISBN 0415303583.
  3. ^ Upenieks, Laura; Bonhag, Rebecca (March 2024). "Masculine God Imagery and Sense of Life Purpose: Examining Contingencies with America's "Four Gods"". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 63 (1). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion: 76–102. doi:10.1111/jssr.12881. ISSN 1468-5906. S2CID 265057828.
  4. ^ Christiano, Kevin J.; Kivisto, Peter; Swatos, William H. Jr., eds. (2015) [2002]. "Excursus on the History of Religions". Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments (3rd ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 254–255. doi:10.2307/3512222. ISBN 978-1-4422-1691-4. JSTOR 3512222. LCCN 2001035412. S2CID 154932078.
  5. ^ O'Brien, Jodi (2008). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 709. ISBN 9781452266022.
  6. ^ Reid-Bowen, Paul (2016). Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy. Oxon: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9780754656272.
  7. ^ Christ, Carol P. (1997). Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1367-6384-7. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  8. ^ Christ, Carol P. (2003). She Who Changes: Re-imagining the Divine in the World. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6083-2. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  9. ^ Griffin, Wendy (1999). Daughters of the Goddess: Studies of Identity, Healing, and Empowerment. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. p. 61. ISBN 074250347X.

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