Grand Duchy of Finland

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Grand Duchy of Finland Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta (Finnish) Storfurstendömet Finland (Swedish) Великое княжество Финляндское (Russian)
1809–1917
Coat of arms
The Grand Duchy of Finland in 1914
Status	Grand Duchy ruled by the Russian Empire
Capital	Turku (1809–1812) Helsinki (1812–1917)
Common languages	Finnish Swedish German Russian Sami Karelian Romani
Religion	Official religions: Evangelical Lutheran (until 1867) Russian Orthodox (until 1917)
Demonym(s)	Finnish, Finn
Government	Monarchy
Grand Duke
• 1809–1825	Alexander I
• 1825–1855	Nicholas I
• 1855–1881	Alexander II
• 1881–1894	Alexander III
• 1894–1917	Nicholas II
Governor-General
• 1809 (first)	Georg Sprengtporten
• 1917 (last)	Nikolai Nekrasov
Vice Chairman
• 1822–1826 (first)	Carl Erik Mannerheim
• 1917 (last)	Anders Wirenius
Legislature	Diet (1809–1906) Parliament (1906–1917)
History
• Diet of Porvoo	29 March 1809
• Treaty of Fredrikshamn	17 September 1809
•  Independence declared	6 December 1917
Currency	Swedish riksdaler (1809–1840) Russian ruble (1840–1860) Finnish markka (1860–1917)
ISO 3166 code	FI
Preceded by Succeeded by Swedish Finland Vyborg Governorate Kingdom of Finland Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
Today part of	Finland Russia

The Grand Duchy of Finland, officially and also translated as the Grand Principality of Finland,^[a] was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire.^[1]

Originating in the 16th century as a titular grand duchy held by the King of Sweden, the country became autonomous after its annexation by Russia in the Finnish War of 1808–1809. The Grand Duke of Finland was the Romanov Emperor of Russia, represented by the Governor-General. Due to the governmental structure of the Russian Empire and Finnish initiative, the Grand Duchy's autonomy expanded until the end of the 19th century. The Senate of Finland, founded in 1809, became the most important governmental organ and the precursor to the modern Government of Finland, the Supreme Court of Finland, and the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland.^[2]

Economic, social and political changes in the Grand Duchy of Finland paralleled those in the Russian Empire and the rest of Europe. The economy grew slowly during the first half of the 19th century. The reign of Alexander II (1855–1881) saw significant cultural, social and intellectual progress, and an industrializing economy. Tensions increased after Saint Petersburg adopted Russification policies in 1898; the new circumstances saw the reduction of Finnish autonomy and cultural expression. Unrest in Russia and Finland during the First World War (1914–1918) and the subsequent collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 resulted in the Finnish Declaration of Independence and the end of the Grand Duchy.^[3]

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