Harry F. Byrd

Harry F. Byrd
Byrd, c. 1926–1930
United States Senator from Virginia
In office March 4, 1933 – November 10, 1965
Preceded by	Claude A. Swanson
Succeeded by	Harry F. Byrd Jr.
50th Governor of Virginia
In office February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930
Lieutenant	Junius Edgar West
Preceded by	Elbert Lee Trinkle
Succeeded by	John Garland Pollard
Member of the Virginia Senate from the 26th district
In office January 9, 1924 – February 1, 1926
Preceded by	James M. Dickerson
Succeeded by	Joseph S. Denny
Member of the Virginia Senate from the 10th district
In office January 12, 1916 – January 9, 1924
Preceded by	Frank S. Tavenner
Succeeded by	Marshall B. Booker
Personal details
Born	Harry Flood Byrd (1887-06-10)June 10, 1887 Martinsburg, West Virginia, U.S.
Died	October 20, 1966(1966-10-20) (aged 79) Berryville, Virginia, U.S.
Resting place	Mount Hebron Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Anne Douglas Beverley ​ ​ (m. 1913; died 1964)​
Children	4, including Harry Jr.
Signature

Harry Flood Byrd Sr. (June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) was an American newspaper publisher, politician, and leader of the Democratic Party in Virginia for four decades as head of a political faction that became known as the Byrd Organization. Byrd served as Virginia's governor from 1926 until 1930, then represented the state as a U.S. senator from 1933 until 1965. He came to lead the conservative coalition in the Senate, and opposed President Franklin D. Roosevelt, largely blocking most liberal legislation after 1937.^[1] His son Harry Jr. succeeded him as U.S. senator, but ran as an Independent following the decline of the Byrd Organization.

Byrd succeeded to what had been the Virginia Democratic Party organization of U.S. senator Thomas Staples Martin, who died in 1919. Elected the 50th governor of Virginia in 1925, initially Byrd reorganized and modernized Virginia's government. His political machine dominated state politics for much of the first half of the 20th century.^[2]

Byrd was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation of the public schools, and was the leader of massive resistance, a campaign of opposition to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education that led to closure of some public schools in Virginia in the 1950s.^[3] Students who were denied their education in several Virginia counties became known as the "lost generation".^[4] According to Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr., Byrd was a racist and avowed white separatist.^[5] Although Byrd paid his black and white workers similarly, he was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation even early in the New Deal, and later opposed Presidents Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy as well as losing presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, despite their all being fellow Democrats, because unlike Byrd they opposed racial discrimination within the federal workforce. The Byrd Organization also benefited from limiting the political participation of blacks and poor whites in Virginia by means of poll taxes and literacy tests, but managed to defeat opposition ranging from New Deal governor James H. Price to gubernatorial and senatorial candidate Francis Pickens Miller.^[6]

Although Byrd never announced himself as a presidential candidate, he received votes in the 1956 presidential election and 15 electoral votes in the 1960 election.