Illyrian Provinces

Illyrian Provinces Provinces illyriennes (French)
1809–1814
Flag Seal
Location of Illyrian Provinces (south-east dark blue) – in the First French Empire (dark blue) – in French client states (light blue)
Status	Autonomous Provinces of the French First Empire
Capital	Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia) Administrative capital Segna (now Senj, Croatia) Military capital
Official languages	French
Demonym(s)	Illyrian
Governor-General
• 1809–1811	Auguste de Marmont
• 1811–1812	Henri Bertrand
• 1812–1813	Jean-Andoche Junot
• 1813–1814	Joseph Fouché
Historical era	Napoleonic Wars
• Treaty of Schönbrunn	14 October 1809
• Siege of Ragusa	27 January 1814
• Congress of Vienna and formal annexation by the Austrian Empire	9 June 1815
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) Austrian Empire Republic of Ragusa Kingdom of Dalmatia Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) Kingdom of Illyria

The Illyrian Provinces^{[note 1]} were an autonomous province of France during the First French Empire that existed under Napoleonic Rule from 1809 to 1814.^[1] The province encompassed modern-day Gorizia and Trieste, and parts of Slovenia, Croatia, Austria and Montenegro. Its capital was Ljubljana (German: Laybach, Laibach) in Slovenia. It encompassed six départements, making it a relatively large portion of territorial France at the time. Parts of Croatia were split up into Civil Croatia and Military Croatia, the former served as a residential space for French immigrants and Croatian inhabitants and the latter as a military base to check the Ottoman Empire.

In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the region with his Grande Armée after key wins during the War of the Fifth Coalition forced the Austrian Empire to cede parts of its territory. Integrating the land into France was Bonaparte's way of controlling Austria's access to the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea and expanding his empire east. Bonaparte installed four governors to disseminate French bureaucracy, culture, and language. The most famous and influential governor was Auguste de Marmont, who undertook the bulk of Bonaparte's bidding in the area. Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14).

Marmont pushed the Code Napoléon throughout the area and led a vast infrastructural expansion. During 1810, the French authorities established the Écoles centrales in Croatia and Slovenia. Although the respective states were allowed to speak and work in their native languages, French was designated as the official language and much of the federal administration was conducted as such. French rule contributed significantly to the provinces even after the Austrian Empire recovered the area in 1813-1814. Napoleon introduced a greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, as well as numerous political reforms. He introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service for men, a uniform tax system, abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated church and state and nationalized the judiciary. French presence in this region saw to a diffusion of French culture and the creation of the Illyrian Movement.^[1]

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