Irish Free State

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Irish Free State Saorstát Éireann (Irish)
1922–1937
Flag Great Seal
Anthem: "Amhrán na bhFiann"[1] "The Soldiers' Song"
The Irish Free State (green)
Status	British Dominion (1922–1931)[a] Sovereign state (1931–1937)[b]
Capital and largest city	Dublin 53°21′N 6°16′W / 53.350°N 6.267°W / 53.350; -6.267
Official languages	Irish[c] English[d]
Religion (1926[2])	92.57% Roman Catholic 7% Protestantism 0.12% Other religions 0.30% Unspecified
Demonym(s)	Irish
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Monarch
• 1922–1936	George V
• 1936	Edward VIII
• 1936–1937	George VI
Governor-General
• 1922–1927	Timothy Michael Healy
• 1928–1932	James McNeill
• 1932–1936	Domhnall Ua Buachalla
President of the Executive Council
• 1922–1932	W. T. Cosgrave
• 1932–1937	Éamon de Valera
Legislature	Oireachtas
• Upper house	Seanad
• Lower house	Dáil
History
• Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922	6 December 1922
• Constitution of Ireland	29 December 1937
Area
Until 8 December 1922[citation needed]	84,000 km2 (32,000 sq mi)
After 8 December 1922[citation needed]	70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1936	2,968,420[3]
Currency	Sterling (1922–1927) Saorstát pound (1928–1937)
Time zone	UTC
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (IST/WEST)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	left
Preceded by Succeeded by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Irish Republic Republic of Ireland

The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann (English: /ˌsɛərstɑːt ˈɛərən/ SAIR-staht AIR-ən,^[4] Irish: [ˈsˠiːɾˠsˠt̪ˠaːt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]), was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the Irish Republic – the Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and British Crown forces.^[5]

The Free State was established as a dominion of the British Empire. It comprised 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland. Northern Ireland, which was made up of the remaining six counties, exercised its right under the Treaty to opt out of the new state. The Free State government consisted of the Governor-General – the representative of the king – and the Executive Council (cabinet), which replaced both the revolutionary Dáil Government and the Provisional Government set up under the Treaty. W. T. Cosgrave, who had led both of these administrations since August 1922, became the first President of the Executive Council (prime minister). The Oireachtas or legislature consisted of Dáil Éireann (the lower house) and Seanad Éireann (the upper house), also known as the Senate. Members of the Dáil were required to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State and to declare fidelity to the king. The oath was a key issue for opponents of the Treaty, who refused to take it and therefore did not take their seats. Pro-Treaty members, who formed Cumann na nGaedheal in 1923, held an effective majority in the Dáil from 1922 to 1927 and thereafter ruled as a minority government until 1932.

In 1931, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, the Parliament of the United Kingdom relinquished nearly all of its remaining authority to legislate for the Free State and the other dominions. This had the effect of granting the Free State internationally recognised independence.

In the first months of the Free State, the Irish Civil War was waged between the newly established National Army and the Anti-Treaty IRA, which refused to recognise the state. The Civil War ended in victory for the government forces, with its opponents dumping their arms in May 1923. The Anti-Treaty political party, Sinn Féin, refused to take its seats in the Dáil, leaving the relatively small Labour Party as the only opposition party. In 1926, when Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin and led most of its membership into a new party, Fianna Fáil, which entered the Dáil following the 1927 general election. It formed the government after the 1932 general election, when it became the largest party.

De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and embarked on an economic war with the UK. In 1937, he drafted a new constitution, which was adopted by a plebiscite in July of that year. The Free State came to an end with the coming into force of the new constitution on 29 December 1937, when the state took the name "Ireland".

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