Jacob L. Devers

Jacob L. Devers
Nickname(s)	"Jamie", "Jake"
Born	(1887-09-08)8 September 1887 York, Pennsylvania, United States
Died	15 October 1979(1979-10-15) (aged 92) Washington, D.C., United States
Buried	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1909–1949
Rank	General
Service number	0-2599[1]
Unit	Field Artillery Branch
Commands held	Army Field Forces Army Ground Forces 6th Army Group North African Theater of Operations, United States Army European Theater of Operations, United States Army Armored Force 9th Infantry Division 2nd Battalion, 6th Field Artillery 1st Battalion, 16th Field Artillery 1st Field Artillery
Battles/wars	World War I World War II Italian campaign Battle of Monte Cassino Operation Dragoon Battle of the Bulge Operation Nordwind Colmar Pocket Western Allied invasion of Germany Operation Undertone
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal (3) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Bronze Star Medal Full list
Other work	Business executive Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission

Jacob Loucks Devers (/ˈdɛvərz/; 8 September 1887 – 15 October 1979) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the 6th Army Group in the European Theater of World War II. He was involved in the development and adoption of numerous weapons, including the M4 Sherman and M26 Pershing tanks, the DUKW amphibious truck, the Bell H-13 Sioux helicopter, and the M16 rifle.

A graduate of the United States Military Academy, Devers was commissioned in the field artillery in 1909. During World War I, he was an instructor at the School of Fire at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and the November 11 armistice ended the fighting before he received orders to go to France. He traveled to France soon afterwards, where he attended the French artillery school at Treves. Between the world wars, he was a staunch advocate of mechanization when the idea of phasing out horses met strong resistance from conservative gunners.

When World War II broke out in Europe, Devers was stationed in Panama. He was promoted to major general in October 1940 and took command of the newly-formed 9th Infantry Division at Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty), North Carolina, a base whose construction he oversaw. Appointed Chief of the Armored Force in August 1941, he supervised its expansion from four armored divisions to sixteen. He was an articulate proponent of the emerging tactical doctrine of combined arms and rejected the American doctrine that held that tanks were for exploitation, not for fighting other tanks. He pressed American industry to produce more powerful engines and, often against the views of his superiors, pushed the development of the M4 Sherman, a medium tank with a 75mm gun. Not satisfied with the Sherman, he called for still more heavily-armed and -armored tanks. He wanted 250 of the new M26 Pershing tanks for Operation Overlord but was overruled.

In May 1943, Devers became European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA) commander. His principal tasks were overseeing preparation of detailed plans and the buildup of men and materiel for Overlord, and supporting the Combined Bomber Offensive. He clashed with General Dwight D. Eisenhower over the diversion of ETOUSA resources to Eisenhower's North African Theater of Operations. Eisenhower succeeded him at ETOUSA in January 1944, and Devers went to the Mediterranean as Commander North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), and Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater, to British General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. Devers was involved in the organization, planning and leadership of Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944. He led the 6th Army Group in France and Germany through the advance to the Rhine, the German counterattack in Operation Northwind, the operations to reduce the Colmar Pocket and the Western Allied invasion of Germany. After the war, he commanded the Army Ground Forces.