John Burgoyne

John Burgoyne
Portrait by Joshua Reynolds, c. 1766
Nickname(s)	Gentleman Johnny
Born	(1722-02-24)24 February 1722 Sutton, Bedfordshire, Great Britain
Died	4 August 1792(1792-08-04) (aged 70) Mayfair, London, Great Britain
Buried	Westminster Abbey
Allegiance	Great Britain
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1737–1784
Rank	General
Commands held	Commander-in-Chief, Ireland 4th Regiment of Foot Convention Army Anglo-Canadian expeditionary force Governor of Fort William Anglo-Portuguese expeditionary force Burgoyne's Light Horse
Battles/wars	War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years' War Raid on St Malo Raid on Cherbourg Battle of Saint-Cast Battle of Belle Île Spanish invasion of Portugal Battle of Valencia de Alcántara Battle of Vila Velha American War of Independence Siege of Boston Invasion of Quebec British counteroffensive Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Freeman's Farm Battle of Bemis Heights (POW)
Awards	Privy Council of Great Britain
Relations	John Fox Burgoyne Hugh Burgoyne VC Geoffrey Hornby
Other work	Member of the House of Commons for Preston (Whig), Dramatist
Signature

General John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a British general, dramatist and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1761 to 1792. He first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several battles, most notably during the Portugal campaign of 1762.

Burgoyne is best known for his role in the American Revolutionary War. He designed an invasion scheme and was appointed to command a force moving south from Canada to split away New England and end the rebellion. Burgoyne advanced from Canada but his slow movement allowed the Americans to concentrate their forces. Instead of coming to his aid according to the overall plan, the British Army in New York City moved south to capture Philadelphia. Burgoyne fought two small battles near Saratoga but was surrounded by American forces and, with no relief in sight, surrendered his entire army of 6,200 men on 17 October 1777. His surrender, according to the historian Edmund Morgan, "was a great turning point of the war, because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory".^[1] France had been supplying the North American colonists since the spring of 1776.^[2] Burgoyne and his officers returned to England; the enlisted men became prisoners of war. He came under sharp criticism when he returned to London.

The rise of the politically friendly Shelburne ministry in 1782 saw a brief revival of his military career. He was appointed commander-in-chief of crown forces in Ireland and appointed colonel of the 4th Regiment of Foot. However the return to power of the Tories in 1784 marked the end of Burgoyne's active service.

Burgoyne was also an accomplished playwright, known for his works such as The Maid of the Oaks and The Heiress, but his plays never reached the fame of his military career. He served as a member of the House of Commons for many years, sitting for the seats of Midhurst and Preston.