King William's War

King William's War
	Part of the Nine Years' War
	; Count Frontenac, governor of New France, refused English demands to surrender prior to the Battle of Quebec.
Date	April 1688 – 20 September 1697
Location	North America
Result	Peace of Ryswick; Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
France New France; Wabanaki Confederacy; Algonquin; Kahnawake	England New England; New York; Iroquois; Mohicans
Commanders and leaders
Count Frontenac; Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville; Claude-Sébastien de Villieu; Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière; Father Louis-Pierre Thury; Father Sébastien Rale; Father Jean Baudoin; Chief Madockawando;	Sir William Phips; Benjamin Church; Pieter Schuyler;

King William's War (also known as the Second Indian War,^[a] Father Baudoin's War,^[3] Castin's War,^[4] or the First Intercolonial War in French^[5]) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg. It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763.

For King William's War, neither England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe to support the war effort in North America.^[6] New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.^[7]^: 27^[8]^[9] According to the terms of the 1697 Peace of Ryswick that ended the Nine Years' War, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged.

The war was largely caused by the fact that the treaties and agreements that were reached at the end of King Philip's War (1675–1678) were not adhered to.^[10] In addition, the English were alarmed that the Indians were receiving French or maybe Dutch aid. The Indians preyed on the English and their fears, by making it look as though they were with the French. The French were fooled as well, as they thought the Indians were working with the English. These occurrences, in addition to the fact that the English perceived the Indians as their subjects, despite the Indians' unwillingness to submit, eventually led to two conflicts, one of which was King William's War.^[10]

^ Baudry, René (1979) [1966]. "Thury, Louis-Pierre". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ Taylor, Alan (2005). Writing Early American History. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8122-1910-4 – via Google books.
^ Williams, Alan F. (1987). Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland, 1696, 1697. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland. ISBN 978-0-88901-144-1 – via Google books.
^ Sylvester, Herbert Milton (1910). Indian Wars of New England: The Land of the Abenake. The French Occupation. King Philip's War. St. Castin's War. Vol. I. Boston: W.B. Clarke Company. p. 54.
^ Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2001). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Les éditions du Septentrion. p. 92. ISBN 978-2-89448-186-8.
^ Bromley, J. S., ed. (1971). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 6, The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25. Cambridge University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-521-07524-4.
^ Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Smith.
^ Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
^ Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1.
^ ^a ^b Pulsipher, Jenny Hale (December 2007). "Dark Cloud Rising from the East". The New England Quarterly. 80 (4): 588–613. doi:10.1162/tneq.2007.80.4.588. JSTOR 20474581. S2CID 57560166.

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[DCB-1] Baudry, René (1979) [1966]. "Thury, Louis-Pierre". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.

[2] Taylor, Alan (2005). Writing Early American History. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8122-1910-4 – via Google books.

[Williams-4] Williams, Alan F. (1987). Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland, 1696, 1697. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland. ISBN 978-0-88901-144-1 – via Google books.

[Herbert_Milton_Sylvester_1910-5] Sylvester, Herbert Milton (1910). Indian Wars of New England: The Land of the Abenake. The French Occupation. King Philip's War. St. Castin's War. Vol. I. Boston: W.B. Clarke Company. p. 54.

[6] Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2001). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Les éditions du Septentrion. p. 92. ISBN 978-2-89448-186-8.

[7] Bromley, J. S., ed. (1971). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 6, The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25. Cambridge University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-521-07524-4.

[Williamson-8] Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Smith.

[9] Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.

[10] Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1.

[Pulsipher-11] Pulsipher, Jenny Hale (December 2007). "Dark Cloud Rising from the East". The New England Quarterly. 80 (4): 588–613. doi:10.1162/tneq.2007.80.4.588. JSTOR 20474581. S2CID 57560166.

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