Mongolian People's Republic

Mongolian People's Republic
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ
ᠨᠠᠢᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
ᠠᠷᠠᠳ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
[a]
Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс[b]
Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls
1924–1992
Flag of Mongolia
Flag
(1945–1992)
Emblem (1960–1992) of Mongolia
Emblem
(1960–1992)
Motto: 
Орон бүрийн пролетари нар нэгдэгтүн!
Oron büriin prolyetari nar negdegtün!
"Workers of the world, unite!"
Anthem: 
Монгол Интернационал
Mongol Intyernatsional
"Mongol Internationale"
(1924–1950)
Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улсын сүлд дуулал
Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Ulsyn süld duulal
"State Anthem of the Mongolian People's Republic"
(1950–1992)[1]
Mongolian People's Republic in 1989
Mongolian People's Republic in 1989
StatusNominal Chinese territory (until 1946) Satellite state of the Soviet Union[2][3] (until 1990)
Capital
and largest city
Ulaanbaatar
Official languagesMongolian
Religion
State atheism (official)
Demonym(s)Mongolian[c]
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic (1924–1990)
Unitary multi-party constitutional republic (1990–1992)
Head of state 
• 1924–1927 (first)
Peljidiin Genden
• 1990–1992 (last)
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat
Head of government 
• 1924–1928 (first)
Balingiin Tserendorj
• 1990–1992 (last)
Dashiin Byambasüren
LegislatureLittle Khural (presidium; 1924–1951)
State Little Khural (1990–1992)
People's Great Khural
Historical eraInterwar period · World War II · Cold War
1 March 1921
26 November 1924
20 October 1945
25 October 1961
29 June 1990
12 February 1992
Area
• Total
1,564,116 km2 (603,909 sq mi)
Population
• 1992 estimate
2,318,000
HDI (1992)0.560[4]
medium
CurrencyTögrög (MNT)
Time zoneUTC+7/+8[5]
• Summer (DST)
UTC+8/+9[6]
ISO 3166 codeMN
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Mongolia
Today part ofMongolia

The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR; Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс, БНМАУ, Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia in East Asia. It was officially recognized by the Nationalist government as independent from the Republic of China in 1946. Until 1990, it was a one-party state ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, and maintained close political and economic ties with the Soviet Union, as part of the Eastern Bloc.

Outer Mongolia gained independence from Qing China in 1911, and enjoyed brief autonomy before it was seized by the Republic of China in 1919. After a Soviet-backed revolution in 1921, the Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924. It was led from 1939 to 1952 by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who carried out Stalinist purges in the country, and from 1952 to 1984 by Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, who allied with the Soviets during the 1960s Sino-Soviet split. In 1990, protests for democracy resulted in reforms which established a multi-party system and a market economy, and a new constitution in 1992 ended the socialist republic.


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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sanders was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
  3. ^ Sergey Radchenko (26 June 2020). "Russia Still Treats Mongolia Like a Soviet Satellite". Foreign Policy.
  4. ^ "Human Development Report 1992" (PDF). hdr.undp.org.
  5. ^ "Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7". Time Temperature.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  6. ^ "Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.

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