Nadezhda Krupskaya

Nadezhda Krupskaya
Nadezhda Krupskaya
Надежда Крупская
	Krupskaya in the 1890s
Deputy Minister of Education in the Government of the Soviet Union
	In office; 1929 – 27 February 1939
Personal details
Born	Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1869; Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	27 February 1939 (aged 70); Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Resting place	Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow
Political party	Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks); (1903–1918); Russian Communist Party; (1918–1939)
Spouse	Vladimir Lenin (m. 1898; died 1924)

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya^[1] (Russian: Надежда Константиновна Крупская, IPA: [nɐˈdʲeʐdə kənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvnə ˈkrupskəjə]; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1869 – 27 February 1939)^[2] was a Russian revolutionary and the wife of Vladimir Lenin.

Krupskaya was born in Saint Petersburg to an aristocratic family that had descended into poverty, and she developed strong views about improving the lives of the poor. She embraced Marxism and met Lenin at a Marxist discussion group in 1894. Both were arrested in 1896 for revolutionary activities and after Lenin was exiled to Siberia, Krupskaya was allowed to join him in 1898 on the condition that they marry. The two settled in Munich and then London after their exile, before briefly returning to Russia to take part in the Revolution of 1905.

Following the 1917 Revolution, Krupskaya was at the forefront of the political scene, becoming a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee in 1924. She was deputy education commissar from 1929 to 1939, with strong influence over the Soviet educational system, including development of Soviet librarianship.

Krupskaya died in Moscow in 1939, a day after her seventieth birthday. The circumstances of her death and personal tensions^[3]^[4] with Joseph Stalin have prompted several claims, some of which derived from Stalin's inner circle, that she was poisoned.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

^ Scientific transliteration: Nadežda Konstantinovna Krupskaja.
^ McNeal, 13.
^ "Stalin threatened to produce another woman who would swear that she, not Krupskaya, was Lenin's true wife if she dared to publish Lenin's "Last testament". Noonan, Norma C.; Nechemias, Carol R. (30 September 2001). Encyclopedia of Russian Women's Movements. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-313-30438-5.
^ Fitzpatrick, Sheila (16 May 2002). Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-521-89423-4.
^ Vaksberg, Arkadiĭ (2011). Toxic Politics: The Secret History of the Kremlin's Poison Laboratory--from the Special Cabinet to the Death of Litvinenko. ABC-CLIO. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-38746-3.
^ Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky, The Corporation. Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin, Encounter Books, ISBN 1-59403-246-7, 25 February 2009, page 445.
^ Trotsky, Leon (1975–1979). Writings of Leon Trotsky. New York: Pathfinder Press. p. 197. ISBN 0873483138.
^ Birstein, Dr Vadim J. (9 September 2009). The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-5186-0.
^ Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (1983). The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny. Harper & Row. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-06-039027-3.
^ Thatcher, I. (4 August 2006). Reinterpreting Revolutionary Russia: Essays in Honour of James D. White. Springer. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-230-62492-4.

[1] Scientific transliteration: Nadežda Konstantinovna Krupskaja.

[2] McNeal, 13.

[3] "Stalin threatened to produce another woman who would swear that she, not Krupskaya, was Lenin's true wife if she dared to publish Lenin's "Last testament". Noonan, Norma C.; Nechemias, Carol R. (30 September 2001). Encyclopedia of Russian Women's Movements. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-313-30438-5.

[4] Fitzpatrick, Sheila (16 May 2002). Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-521-89423-4.

[ABC-CLIO-5] Vaksberg, Arkadiĭ (2011). Toxic Politics: The Secret History of the Kremlin's Poison Laboratory--from the Special Cabinet to the Death of Litvinenko. ABC-CLIO. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-38746-3.

[ReferenceA-6] Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky, The Corporation. Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin, Encounter Books, ISBN 1-59403-246-7, 25 February 2009, page 445.

[Writings_of_Leon_Trotsky-7] Trotsky, Leon (1975–1979). Writings of Leon Trotsky. New York: Pathfinder Press. p. 197. ISBN 0873483138.

[8] Birstein, Dr Vadim J. (9 September 2009). The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story Of Soviet Science. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-5186-0.

[9] Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (1983). The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny. Harper & Row. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-06-039027-3.

[10] Thatcher, I. (4 August 2006). Reinterpreting Revolutionary Russia: Essays in Honour of James D. White. Springer. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-230-62492-4.

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