Back نزاع مرتفعات قره باغ Arabic Qarabağ münaqişəsi Azerbaijani داغلیق قاراباغ موناقیشه‌سی AZB Карабахскі канфлікт Byelorussian নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ সংঘাত Bengali/Bangla Conflicte de l'Alt Karabakh Catalan Bergkarabachkonflikt German Σύγκρουση του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ Greek Conflicto del Alto Karabaj Spanish درگیری قره‌باغ کوهستانی Persian

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of the post-Soviet conflicts

Military situation in the region before September 20, 2023. For a detailed map, see here
Date20 February 1988 – 1 January 2024
(35 years, 10 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, Armenia–Azerbaijan border
Status

Azerbaijani victory[19]

Territorial
changes		 Azerbaijan regained control over all of Nagorno-Karabakh[37][38][39]
Belligerents
 Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh; until 2023)[a][b]
 Armenia[c]
Military support
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support

 Azerbaijan (from 1991)
 Soviet Union (until 1991)[d]

 Turkey (2020) (alleged by Armenia)[7][8][9]
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support
Supported by:
 Turkey (2020)
Units involved
Artsakh Defence Army (until 2023)
Armed Forces of Armenia		 Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Soviet Armed Forces (until 1991)
Strength
2018: 65,000 (active servicemen)[40][e]
1993–1994: 30,000–40,000[43][44]		 2019: 66,950 (active servicemen)[45]
1993–1994: 42,000–56,000[44][43][46]
Casualties and losses
28,000–38,000 killed (1988–1994)[51]
3,000 killed (May 1994 – August 2009)[52]
541–547+ killed (2010–2019)[53]
7,717 killed (2020)[54]
44 killed (2021–2022)[55]

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict[f] was an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.

Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities worked to suppress Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population.[60] During the glasnost period, a 1988 Nagorno-Karabakh referendum was held to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia, citing self-determination laws in the Soviet constitution. This act was met with a series of pogroms against Armenians across Azerbaijan, before violence committed against both Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred.[61]

The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The war was won by Artsakh and Armenia, and led to occupation of regions around Soviet-era Nagorno-Karabakh. There were expulsions of ethnic Armenians from Azerbaijan and ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia and the Armenian-controlled areas. In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions that supported territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and demanded the immediate withdrawal of Armenian forces from all Azerbaijani territories.[62] The ceasefire ending the war, signed in 1994 in Bishkek, was followed by two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated in the 2010s. A four-day escalation in April 2016 resulted in hundreds of casualties but only minor changes to the front line.

In late 2020, the large-scale Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in thousands of casualties and a significant Azerbaijani victory. An armistice was established by a tripartite ceasefire agreement on November 10, resulting in Azerbaijan regaining all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh as well as capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[63] Ceasefire violations in Nagorno-Karabakh and on the Armenian–Azerbaijani border continued following the 2020 war. Azerbaijan began blockading Artsakh in December 2022, and launched a large-scale military offensive in September 2023,[64][65][66] resulting in the surrender of the Artsakh authorities. Most ethnic Armenians fled,[67] and Artsakh was officially dissolved on 1 January 2024.[68][33]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

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  6. ^ Murphy, David E. (1992). "Operation 'Ring': The Black Berets in Azerbaijan". The Journal of Soviet Military Studies. 5 (1): 93. doi:10.1080/13518049208430053. ... Operation 'Ring' as a combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation to weaken Armenian resistance in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave.
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  9. ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Turkey's support for Azerbaijan has been vital, and Azerbaijan's superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal. Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F-16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer, and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides.
  10. ^ Rudolph, Joseph Russell, ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Greenwood Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0313313813. When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991 [...] the Karabakh conflict escalated further, from guerrilla warfare to full-scale conventional combat.
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  53. ^ See here
  54. ^ See here
  55. ^ See here
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