Back رودولف روميل ARZ Rudolph Joseph Rummel German Rudolph Joseph Rummel French רודולף ראמל HE Rudolph J. Rummel Croatian Rudolph Rummel ID Rudolph Joseph Rummel Italian Rudolph Joseph Rummel NB Rudolph Joseph Rummel Portuguese Руммель, Рудольф Russian

R. J. Rummel

R. J. Rummel
Born
Rudolph Joseph Rummel

(1932-10-21)October 21, 1932
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
DiedMarch 2, 2014(2014-03-02) (aged 81)
Kaneohe, Hawaii, U.S.
Education
OccupationPolitical scientist
Employers
Known forResearch on war and conflict resolution
Websitehawaii.edu/powerkills

Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014)[1] was an American political scientist, a statistician and professor at Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He spent his career studying data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Contrasting genocide, Rummel coined the term democide for murder by government, such as the genocide of indigenous peoples and colonialism, Nazi Germany, the Stalinist purges, Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, and other authoritarian, totalitarian, or undemocratic regimes, coming to the conclusion that democratic regimes result in the least democides.[2]

Rummel estimated that a total of 212 million people were killed by all governments during the 20th century,[3] of which 148 million were killed by Communist governments from 1917 to 1987.[4] To give some perspective on these numbers, Rummel stated that all domestic and foreign wars during the 20th century killed in combat around 41 million. His figures for Communist governments have been criticized for the methodology which he used to arrive at them, and they have also been criticized for being higher than the figures which have been given by most scholars.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] In his last book, Rummel increased his estimate to over 272 million innocent, non-combatant civilians who were murdered by their own governments during the 20th century.[12] Rummel stated that his 272 million death estimate was his lower, more prudent figure, stating that it "could be over 400,000,000."[13] Rummel came to the conclusion that a democracy is the form of government which is least likely to kill its citizens because democracies do not tend to wage wars against each other.[2] This latest view is a concept, which was further developed by Rummel, known as the democratic peace theory.[14]

Rummel was the author of twenty-four scholarly books, and he published his major results between 1975 and 1981 in Understanding Conflict and War (1975).[15] He spent the next fifteen years refining the underlying theory and testing it empirically on new data, against the empirical results of others, and on case studies. He summed up his research in Power Kills (1997).[16] His other works include Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987 (1990),[17] China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991),[18] Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1992),[19] Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1994),[20] and Statistics of Democide (1997).[21] Extracts, figures, and tables from the books, including his sources and details regarding the calculations, are available online on his website. Rummel also authored Applied Factor Analysis (1970)[22] and Understanding Correlation (1976).[23]

  1. ^ "Rudolph Joseph Rummel". Honolulu Hawaii Obituaries. March 8, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Hawaii Newspaper Obituaries.
  2. ^ a b Rummel, Rudolph (2002) [1997]. "Appendix to Chapter 1: Q and A on the Fact that Democracies Do Not Make War on Each Other". Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412831703. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
  3. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (2007). The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 9781581826203.
  4. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (November 20, 2005). "Reevaluating China's Democide to be 73,000,000". Democratic Peace. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  5. ^ Harff, Barbara (Summer 1996). "Review. Reviewed Work: Death by Government by R. J. Rummel". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 27 (1). Boston, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 117–119. doi:10.2307/206491. JSTOR 206491.
  6. ^ Kuromiya, Hiroaki (January 2001). "Review Article: Communism and Terror". Journal of Contemporary History. 36 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 191–201. doi:10.1177/002200940103600110. JSTOR 261138. S2CID 49573923.
  7. ^ Paczkowski, Andrzej (Spring 2001). "The Storm over The Black Book". The Wilson Quarterly. 25 (2). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: 28–34. JSTOR 40260182. Retrieved 31 August 2021 – via Wilson Quarterly Archives.
  8. ^ Weiner, Amir (Winter 2002). "Review. Reviewed Work: The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Margolin, Jonathan Murphy, Mark Kramer". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 32 (3). Boston, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 450–452. doi:10.1162/002219502753364263. JSTOR 3656222. S2CID 142217169.
  9. ^ Dulić, Tomislav (January 2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 85–102. doi:10.1177/0022343304040051. JSTOR 4149657. S2CID 145120734.
  10. ^ Karlsson, Klas-Göran; Schoenhals, Michael, eds. (2008). Crimes Against Humanity under Communist Regimes – Research Review (PDF). Stockholm, Sweden: Forum for Living History. pp. 35, 79. ISBN 9789197748728. Retrieved November 17, 2021 – via Forum för levande historia. While Jerry Hough suggested Stalin's terror claimed tens of thousands of victims, R.J. Rummel puts the death toll of Soviet communist terror between 1917 and 1987 at 61,911,000. In both cases, these figures are based on an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations. On the other hand, the considerably lower figures in terms of numbers of Gulag prisoners presented by Russian researchers during the glasnost period have been relatively widely accepted. ... It could, quite rightly, be claimed that the opinions that Rummel presents here (they are hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history) do not deserve to be mentioned in a research review, but they are still perhaps worth bringing up on the basis of the interest in him in the blogosphere.
  11. ^ Harff, Barbara (2017). "The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide" (PDF). In Gleditsch, Nils Petter (ed.). R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 111–129. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-54463-2. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  12. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (2007). The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781581826203.
  13. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (2007). The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9781581826203.
  14. ^ "About R.J. Rummel". Freedom, Democide, War. University of Hawaiʻi. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via University of Hawaii System.
  15. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1975). Understanding Conflict and War. Beverly Hills, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780803915572. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
  16. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (2002) [1997]. Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412831703. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
  17. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1990). Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 (1st paperback ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781560008873. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
  18. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1991). China's Bloody Century (1st hardback ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780887384172. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
  19. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1992). Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder (1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412821476. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
  20. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781560009276. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
  21. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (2003) [1997]. Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (hardback ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia; Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University. ISBN 9783825840105. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
  22. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1988) [1970]. Applied Factor Analysis (1st ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810108240. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at University of Hawaiʻi System.
  23. ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1976). Understanding Correlation. Honolulu, Hawaii: Department of Political Science, University of Hawaiʻi. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via Freedom, Democide, War at University of Hawaiʻi System.

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