Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Sirimavo Bandaranaike
සිරිමාවෝ බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா பண்டாரநாயக்கே
Bandaranaike in 1960
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
In office 14 November 1994 – 10 August 2000
President	Chandrika Kumaratunga
Preceded by	Chandrika Kumaratunga
Succeeded by	Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
In office 29 May 1970 – 23 July 1977
Monarch	Elizabeth II (1970–1972)
President	William Gopallawa (1972–1977)
Governor General	William Gopallawa (1970–1972)
Preceded by	Dudley Senanayake
Succeeded by	J. R. Jayewardene
In office 21 July 1960 – 27 March 1965
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governors General	Oliver Goonetilleke William Gopallawa
Preceded by	Dudley Senanayake
Succeeded by	Dudley Senanayake
5th Leader of the Opposition
In office 9 March 1989 – 24 June 1994
Prime Minister	Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Ranil Wickremesinghe
Preceded by	Anura Bandaranaike
Succeeded by	Gamini Dissanayake
In office 5 April 1965 – 25 March 1970
Prime Minister	Dudley Senanayake
Preceded by	Dudley Senanayake
Succeeded by	J. R. Jayewardene
Chair of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party
In office 7 May 1960 – 12 November 1994
Preceded by	C. P. de Silva
Succeeded by	Chandrika Kumaratunga
Parliamentary roles Member of Parliament In office 15 February 1989 – 10 August 2000 Constituency Gampaha (1989–1994) National list (1994–2000) In office 5 April 1965 – 16 October 1980 Preceded by James Obeysekera Succeeded by Lakshman Jayakody Constituency Attanagalla Member of the Senate In office 2 August 1960 – 4 December 1964 Preceded by Piyadasa de Zoysa Succeeded by Unknown
Personal details
Born	Sirima Ratwatte (1916-04-17)17 April 1916 Ratnapura, British Ceylon
Died	10 October 2000(2000-10-10) (aged 84) Kadawatha, Sri Lanka
Political party	SLFP
Spouse	Solomon Bandaranaike ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 1959)​
Children	Sunethra Chandrika Anura
Parent	Barnes Ratwatte (father)
Relatives	Bandaranaike family

Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (Sinhala: සිරිමා රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක; Tamil: சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே; 17 April 1916 – 10 October 2000), commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike,^{[note 1]} was a Sri Lankan politician. She was the world's first female prime minister when she became Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (then the Dominion of Ceylon) in 1960.^[2] She chaired the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) from 1960 to 1994 and served three terms as prime minister, two times as the chief executive, from 1960 to 1965 and from 1970 to 1977, and once again in a presidential system from 1994 to 2000, governing under the presidency of her daughter Chandrika Kumaratunga.

Born into a Sinhalese Kandyan aristocratic family, Bandaranaike was educated in Catholic, English-medium schools, but remained a Buddhist and spoke Sinhala as well as English. On graduating from secondary school, she worked for various social programmes before marrying and raising a family. Playing hostess to her husband S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, who founded the socialist SLFP in 1951 and became prime minister in 1956, she gained his trust as an informal advisor. Her social work focused on improving the lives of women and girls in rural areas of Sri Lanka.

Following her husband's assassination in 1959, Bandaranaike was soon persuaded by the party leadership during a brief time in opposition to enter politics herself and succeed her husband as chairwoman; she returned her party to the government and defeated prime minister Dudley Senanayake's UNP in the July 1960 election. She was then unseated by Senanayake in the 1965 election and became Leader of the Opposition, before winning a large majority in 1970 due to a cleverly structured election alliance with rival Marxist parties.

Bandaranaike attempted to reform the former Dominion of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalising organisations in the banking, education, industry, media and trade sectors. Changing the administrative language from English to Sinhala and routinely campaigning on Sinhalese nationalist and anti-Tamil policies, which was political mainstream, she exacerbated discontent among the native Tamil population, and with the estate Tamils, who had become stateless under the Citizenship Act of 1948.

During Bandaranaike's first two terms as prime minister, the country was plagued by high inflation and taxes, a dependence on food imports to feed the populace, high unemployment, and polarisation between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations because of her Sinhalese nationalist policies. Surviving an attempted coup d'état in 1962, as well as a 1971 insurrection of radical youths, in 1972 she oversaw the drafting of a new constitution and the formation of the Sri Lankan republic, separating it from the British Empire and also extending the parliamentary period until 1977. In 1975, Bandaranaike created what would eventually become the Sri Lankan Ministry of Women and Child Affairs, also appointing the first woman to serve in the Sri Lankan Cabinet aside from herself. Bandaranaike's tenure was marked by inadequate economic development at the national level. She played a large role abroad as a negotiator and a leader among the Non-Aligned Nations.

Losing against J. R. Jayewardene in a colossal landslide in the 1977 election and as the UNP government greatly reduced democratic rights, Bandaranaike was stripped of her civil rights in 1980 for claimed abuses of power during her tenure and barred from government for seven years, making her ineligible for the 1982 presidential election in the new presidential system. The new government initially improved the domestic economy, but failed to address social issues, and led the country into a protracted civil war against Tamil militants, which escalated in brutality over the years, especially when the Indian Peace Keeping Force was allowed to intervene. When she was allowed to return as a public figure in 1986, Bandaranaike opposed the Indian intervention, believing it violated Sri Lankan sovereignty.

Failing to win the office of President against new UNP leader Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1988, she restored her party, which had by now developed more centrist policies and advocated for a reconciliatory approach towards Tamils in the civil war, as a relevant force in the first parliamentary election after 12 years and served a second time as Leader of the Opposition from 1989 to 1994. When her daughter, who succeeded her as party leader, won the 1994 presidential election, Bandaranaike was appointed to her third term as prime minister and served until her retirement in 2000, two months prior to her death.

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