Temperance (virtue)

Temperance in its modern use is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint.^[1] It is typically described in terms of what a person voluntarily refrains from doing.^[2] This includes restraint from revenge by practicing mercy and forgiveness, restraint from arrogance by practicing humility and modesty, restraint from excesses such as extravagant luxury or splurging, restraint from overindulgence in food and drink, and restraint from rage or craving by practicing calmness and equanimity.^[2]

The distinction between temperance and self-control is subtle. A person who exhibits self-control wisely refrains from giving in to unwise desires. A person who exhibits temperance does not have unwise desires in the first place because they have wisely shaped their character in such a way that their desires are proper ones. Aristotle suggested this analogy: An intemperate person is like a city with bad laws; a person who lacks self control is like a city that has good laws on the books but doesn’t enforce them.^[3]^: VII.10

Temperance has been described as a virtue by religious thinkers, philosophers, and more recently, psychologists, particularly in the positive psychology movement. It has a long history in philosophical and religious thought.

It is generally characterized as the control over excess, and expressed through characteristics such as chastity, modesty, humility, self-regulation, hospitality, decorum, abstinence, and forgiveness; each of these involves restraining an excess of some impulse, such as sexual desire, vanity, or anger.

In classical iconography, the virtue is often depicted as a woman holding two vessels transferring water from one to another. It is one of the cardinal virtues in western thought, and is found in Greek philosophy and Christianity, as well as in Eastern traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism.

Temperance is one of the six virtues in the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths, along with wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, and transcendence.^[4]

The term "temperance" can also refer to the abstention from alcohol (teetotalism), especially with reference to the temperance movement. It can also refer to alcohol moderation.

^ Green, Joel (2011). Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. p. 769. ISBN 978-0-8010-3406-0.
^ ^a ^b Pulkkinen, Lea; Pitkänen, Tuuli (2012). "Temperance and the strengths of personality". In Schwarzer, Ralf (ed.). Personality, human development, and culture: international perspectives on psychological science. Vol. 2. Hove: Psychology. pp. 127–140. ISBN 978-0-415-65080-9.
^ Aristotle (1906) [c. 340 BCE]. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Peters, F.H.
^ Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195167016.

[1] Green, Joel (2011). Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. p. 769. ISBN 978-0-8010-3406-0.

[Schwarzer_2012-2] Pulkkinen, Lea; Pitkänen, Tuuli (2012). "Temperance and the strengths of personality". In Schwarzer, Ralf (ed.). Personality, human development, and culture: international perspectives on psychological science. Vol. 2. Hove: Psychology. pp. 127–140. ISBN 978-0-415-65080-9.

[NE-3] Aristotle (1906) [c. 340 BCE]. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Peters, F.H.

[CSV-4] Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195167016.

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VII.10

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