Back Терцио Bulgarian Terç Catalan Španělská tercie Czech Ordonnanz (Gefechtsordnung) German Τέρθιο Greek Tercio Spanish Tertzio Basque Espanjalainen neliö Finnish Tercio French Terzo Galician
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| Spanish Tercios | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Founded | 1 January 1534 (de jure establishment) |
| Country | Spain See details
|
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Close combat Hand-to-hand combat Hedgehog defence Pike square Raiding Volley fire |
| Part of | Spanish Armed Forces |
| Patron | Ferdinand II Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Motto(s) | Spain my nature, Italy my fortune, Flanders my grave |
| Equipment | Arquebuses, muskets, and pikes |
| Commanders | |
| Gran Capitán | Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba |
| Comandante | John of Austria[1] Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy[2] |
| Field Master of Navarre | Don Gaspar Pineiro de Elio Esparza y Artieda y Velaz de Medrano,[3] Lord of Elio, etc.[4] |
| Governor of the Tercio of Álava | Pedro Velaz de Medrano y Manso de Zúñiga,[5] II lord of Tabuérniga |
| Insignia | |
| War flag | |
A tercio (pronounced [ˈteɾθjo]), Spanish for "[a] third") was a military unit of the Spanish Army during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and Habsburg Spain in the early modern period. They were the elite military units of the Spanish monarchy and the essential pieces of the powerful land forces of the Spanish Empire, sometimes also fighting with the navy.
The Spanish tercios were one of the finest professional infantries in the world due to the effectiveness of their battlefield formations and were a crucial step in the formation of modern European armies, made up of professional volunteers, instead of levies raised for a campaign or hired mercenaries typically used by other European countries of the time.
The internal administrative organization of the tercios and their battlefield formations and tactics, grew out of the innovations of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba during the conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars in the 1490s and 1500s, being among the first to effectively mix pikes and firearms (arquebuses). The tercios marked a rebirth of battlefield infantry comparable to the Macedonian phalanxes and the Roman legions.[6] Such formations distinguished themselves in famous battles such as the Battle of Bicocca (1522) and the Battle of Pavia (1525). Following their formal establishment in 1534, the reputation of the tercio was built upon their effective training and high proportion of "old soldiers" (veteranos), in conjunction with the particular elan imparted by the lower nobility who commanded them. The tercios were finally replaced by regiments in the early eighteenth century.
From 1920, the name of tercio was given to the formations of the newly created Spanish Legion; professional units then created to fight colonial wars in North Africa, similar to the French Foreign Legion. These formations are actually regiments bearing the name of tercio as an honorary title.
- ^ "No. 62738". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 August 2019. p. 14447.
- ^ "No. 62738". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 August 2019. p. 14447.
- ^ Pérez Calvo, 2014, p. 480 «El marquesado de las Hormazas». Revista Hidalguía (364–365): 473–498.
- ^ "Señor de Elio, Besolla, Eriete, Iguzquiza, Learza, Esparza y Artieda Gaspar Elio y Velaz de Medrano: Geneaordonez".
- ^ "De almirante de la Armada a pirata del Caribe". 14 May 2020.
- ^ "... y, con el Gran Capitán, la aparición ni más ni menos que del tercio español, de algo que equivale en la historia universal al nacimiento de la falange Macedonia o de la legión romana." Fernand Braudel, El Mediterráneo y el mundo mediterráneo en la época de Felipe II, tomo II, p. 28, FCE, 1.976.
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