Trans fat

Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fatty acids, is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs in foods. Trace concentrations of trans fats occur naturally, but large amounts are found in some processed foods. Since consumption of trans fats is unhealthy,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] artificial trans fats are highly regulated or banned in many nations. However, they are still widely consumed in developing nations, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths each year.^[8] The World Health Organization (WHO) had set a goal to make the world free from industrially produced trans fat by the end of 2023.^[9] The goal was not met, and the WHO announced another goal "for accelerated action till 2025 to complete this effort" along with associated support on 1 February 2024.^[10]

^ Gormley JJ, Juturu V (2010). "Partially Hydrogenated Fats in the US Diet and Their Role in Disease". In De Meester F, Zibadi S, Watson RR (eds.). Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion. Nutrition and Health. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 85–94. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-571-2_5. ISBN 978-1-60327-571-2.
^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2010). "Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats". EFSA Journal. 8 (3): 1461. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2007). "Update on trans fatty acids and health, Position Statement" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB (March 2010). "Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans--a quantitative review". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9434. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9434B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009434. PMC 2830458. PMID 20209147.
^ "Trans fat". It's your health. Health Canada. Dec 2007. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012.
^ "EFSA sets European dietary reference values for nutrient intakes" (Press release). European Food Safety Authority. 26 March 2010.
^ "WHO plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from global food supply" (Press release). World Health Organization. 14 May 2018.
^ de Souza, Russell J.; Mente, Andrew; Maroleanu, Adriana; Cozma, Adrian I.; Ha, Vanessa; Kishibe, Teruko; Uleryk, Elizabeth; Budylowski, Patrick; Schünemann, Holger; Beyene, Joseph; Anand, Sonia S. (2015-08-11). "Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 351: h3978. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3978. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4532752. PMID 26268692.
^ Ghebreyesus TA, Frieden T (2021). "Eliminating trans fat from foods will save lives without changing the taste: Only our hearts will know the difference". World Health Organization. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ Sergey Volkov (1 February 2024). "REPLACE Trans fat-free". World Health Organization. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

[1] Gormley JJ, Juturu V (2010). "Partially Hydrogenated Fats in the US Diet and Their Role in Disease". In De Meester F, Zibadi S, Watson RR (eds.). Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion. Nutrition and Health. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 85–94. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-571-2_5. ISBN 978-1-60327-571-2.

[2] EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2010). "Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats". EFSA Journal. 8 (3): 1461. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2007). "Update on trans fatty acids and health, Position Statement" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[4] Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB (March 2010). "Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans--a quantitative review". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9434. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9434B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009434. PMC 2830458. PMID 20209147.

[5] "Trans fat". It's your health. Health Canada. Dec 2007. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012.

[6] "EFSA sets European dietary reference values for nutrient intakes" (Press release). European Food Safety Authority. 26 March 2010.

[7] "WHO plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from global food supply" (Press release). World Health Organization. 14 May 2018.

[8] Souza, Russell J.; Mente, Andrew; Maroleanu, Adriana; Cozma, Adrian I.; Ha, Vanessa; Kishibe, Teruko; Uleryk, Elizabeth; Budylowski, Patrick; Schünemann, Holger; Beyene, Joseph; Anand, Sonia S. (2015-08-11). "Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 351: h3978. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3978. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4532752. PMID 26268692.

[wholetter-9] Ghebreyesus TA, Frieden T (2021). "Eliminating trans fat from foods will save lives without changing the taste: Only our hearts will know the difference". World Health Organization. Retrieved 22 July 2023.

[whoupdate-10] Sergey Volkov (1 February 2024). "REPLACE Trans fat-free". World Health Organization. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

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