William Lyon Mackenzie King

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The Right Honourable William Lyon Mackenzie King OM CMG PC
King in 1942
10th Prime Minister of Canada
In office October 23, 1935 – November 15, 1948
Monarchs	George V Edward VIII George VI
Governors General	The Earl of Bessborough The Lord Tweedsmuir The Earl of Athlone The Viscount Alexander
Preceded by	R. B. Bennett
Succeeded by	Louis St. Laurent
In office September 25, 1926 – August 7, 1930
Monarch	George V
Governors General	The Lord Byng of Vimy The Viscount Willingdon
Preceded by	Arthur Meighen
Succeeded by	R. B. Bennett
In office December 29, 1921 – June 28, 1926
Monarch	George V
Governor General	The Lord Byng of Vimy
Preceded by	Arthur Meighen
Succeeded by	Arthur Meighen
Senior political offices Leader of the Opposition In office August 7, 1930 – October 22, 1935 Prime Minister R. B. Bennett Preceded by R. B. Bennett Succeeded by R. B. Bennett In office June 29, 1926 – September 24, 1926 Prime Minister Arthur Meighen Preceded by Arthur Meighen Succeeded by Vacant In office August 7, 1919 – December 28, 1921 Prime Minister Robert Borden Arthur Meighen Preceded by Daniel Duncan McKenzie Succeeded by Arthur Meighen Leader of the Liberal Party In office August 7, 1919 – August 7, 1948 Preceded by Daniel Duncan McKenzie (interim) Succeeded by Louis St. Laurent
Ministerial offices Secretary of State for External Affairs In office October 23, 1935 – September 4, 1946 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by R. B. Bennett Succeeded by Louis St. Laurent In office September 25, 1926 – August 7, 1930 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Arthur Meighen Succeeded by R. B. Bennett In office December 29, 1921 – June 28, 1926 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Arthur Meighen Succeeded by Arthur Meighen Minister of Labour In office June 2, 1909 – October 6, 1911 Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Thomas Wilson Crothers
Parliamentary offices Member of Parliament for Glengarry In office August 6, 1945 – June 26, 1949 Preceded by William MacDiarmid Succeeded by William Major Member of Parliament for Prince Albert In office February 15, 1926 – June 10, 1945 Preceded by Charles McDonald Succeeded by Edward LeRoy Bowerman Member of Parliament for York North In office December 6, 1921 – October 28, 1925 Preceded by John Armstrong Succeeded by Thomas Herbert Lennox Member of Parliament for Prince In office October 20, 1919 – December 5, 1921 Preceded by Joseph Read Succeeded by Alfred Edgar MacLean Member of Parliament for Waterloo North In office October 26, 1908 – September 21, 1911 Preceded by Joseph E. Seagram Succeeded by William George Weichel
Personal details
Born	(1874-12-17)December 17, 1874 Berlin, Ontario, Canada
Died	July 22, 1950(1950-07-22) (aged 75) Chelsea, Quebec, Canada
Resting place	Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario
Political party	Liberal
Alma mater	University of Toronto (BA, MA, LLB) University of Chicago (no degree) Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Signature
William Lyon Mackenzie King's voice King speaking about his election campaign in 1935

William Lyon Mackenzie King OM CMG PC (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian statesman and politician who was the tenth prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive terms from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. A Liberal, he was the dominant politician in Canada from the early 1920s to the late 1940s.^[a] King is best known for his leadership of Canada throughout the Great Depression and the Second World War. He played a major role in laying the foundations of the Canadian welfare state and established Canada's international reputation as a middle power fully committed to world order.^[1] With a total of 21 years and 154 days in office, he remains the longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history.

King studied law and political economy in the 1890s and became concerned with issues of social welfare. He later obtained a PhD – the only Canadian prime minister to have done so. In 1900, he became deputy minister of the Canadian government's new Department of Labour. He entered the House of Commons in 1908 before becoming the federal minister of labour in 1909 under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier. After losing his seat in the 1911 federal election, King worked for the Rockefeller Foundation before briefly working as an industrial consultant. Following the death of Laurier in 1919, King acceded to the leadership of the Liberal Party. Taking the helm of a party torn apart by the Conscription Crisis of 1917, he unified both the pro-conscription and anti-conscription factions of the party, leading it to victory in the 1921 federal election.

King established a post-war agenda that lowered wartime taxes, moderately reduced tariffs, and developed the national capital, Ottawa. He strengthened Canadian autonomy by refusing to support Britain in the Chanak Crisis without Parliament's consent and negotiating the Halibut Treaty with the United States without British interference. In the 1925 election, the Conservatives won a plurality of seats, but the Liberals negotiated support from the Progressive Party and stayed in office as a minority government. In 1926, facing a Commons vote that could force his government to resign, King asked Governor General Lord Byng to dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng refused and instead invited the Conservatives to form government, who briefly held office but lost a motion of no confidence. This sequence of events triggered a major constitutional crisis, the King–Byng affair. King and the Liberals decisively won the resulting election. After, King sought to make Canada's foreign policy more independent by expanding the Department of External Affairs while recruiting more Canadian diplomats. His government also introduced old-age pensions based on need and removed taxes on cables, telegrams, and railway and steamship tickets. King's slow reaction to the Great Depression led to a defeat at the polls in 1930.

The Conservative government's response to the depression was heavily unpopular, and King returned to power in a landslide victory in the 1935 election. Soon after, the economy was on an upswing. King negotiated the 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement with the United States, passed the 1938 National Housing Act to improve housing affordability, introduced unemployment insurance in 1940, and in 1944, introduced family allowances – Canada's first universal welfare program. The government also established Trans-Canada Air Lines (the precursor to Air Canada) and the National Film Board. Days after the Second World War broke out, Canadian troops were deployed. The Liberals' overwhelming triumph in the 1940 election allowed King to continue leading Canada through the war. He mobilized Canadian money, supplies, and volunteers to support Britain while boosting the economy and maintaining morale on the home front. To satisfy French Canadians, King delayed introducing overseas conscription until late 1944. The Allies' victory in 1945 allowed King to call a post-war election, in which the Liberals lost their majority government. In his final years in office, King and his government partnered Canada with other Western nations to take part in the deepening Cold War, introduced Canadian citizenship, and successfully negotiated Newfoundland's entry into Confederation. A modernizing technocrat, he wanted his Liberal Party to represent liberal corporatism to create social harmony.^[2][3][4]

After leading his party for 29 years, and leading the country for 21+1⁄2 years, King retired from politics in late 1948. He died of pneumonia in mid-1950. King's personality was complex; biographers agree on the personal characteristics that made him distinctive. He lacked the charisma of such contemporaries as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, or Charles de Gaulle. Cold and tactless in human relations, he lacked oratorical skill and his personality did not resonate with the electorate.^[5] He had many political allies but very few close personal friends. He kept secret his beliefs in spiritualism and use of mediums to stay in contact with departed associates and particularly with his mother, and allowed his intense spirituality to distort his understanding of Adolf Hitler throughout the late 1930s.^[6] Historian Jack Granatstein notes, "the scholars expressed little admiration for King the man but offered unbounded admiration for his political skills and attention to Canadian unity."^[7] King is ranked among the top three of Canadian prime ministers.

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