Human rights in Syria

Politics of Syria
Member State of the Arab League
Constitution Preamble and Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Human rights
Executive President (list) Bashar al-Assad Vice President Najah al-Attar Prime Minister (list) Hussein Arnous Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Legislature People's Assembly Speaker: Hammouda Sabbagh
Judiciary High Judicial Council Supreme Constitutional Court
Subdivisions Governorates Districts Subdistricts (Nahiyas) Villages
Elections Recent elections Presidential: 2007 2014 2021 Parliamentary: 2012 2016 2020 Political parties National Progressive Front Popular Front for Change and Liberation Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Syrian branch)
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Minister: Faisal Mekdad Diplomatic missions of / in Syria Syrian nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy UN resolutions on Syria Status of the Golan Heights Syrian civil war
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The situation for human rights in Syria is considered one of the worst in the world and has been globally condemned by international organizations like the United Nations, Human rights Watch, Amnesty International,^[1][2][3] and the European Union.^[4] Civil liberties, political rights, freedom of speech and assembly are virtually non-existent under the Ba'athist government of Bashar al-Assad; which is regarded as "one of the world's most repressive regimes".^[5][6] The 50th edition of Freedom in the World, the annual report published by Freedom House since 1973, designates Syria as "Worst of the Worst" among the "Not Free" countries. The report lists Syria as one of the two countries to get the lowest possible score (1/100).^[7][8]

Since the 1963 coup d'etat by its Military Committee that propelled the neo-Ba'athists to power, the Syrian Ba'ath party has operated a totalitarian state in Syria. Following a period of intra-party power-struggles that culminated in the 1970 coup, General Hafez al-Assad became the Syrian President; establishing a hereditary dictatorship of the Assad family. During the six decades of its rule, the security apparatus has banned all social, political and economic groups independent of the Ba'ath party or the regime; ensuring that the state has total monopoly over all forms of organizations.^[9] A state of emergency was in effect from 1963 until April 2011, giving security forces sweeping powers of arbitrary arrests and detentions of civilians; including prisoners of conscience.^[3] From 1973 to 2012, Syria was a single-party state. While the 2012 Syrian constitution nominally affirms the formation of political parties; registration process is difficult and thoroughly scrutinized by the regime. Political activities independent of the Ba'ath are discouraged in regime-controlled territories and strictly monitored by the Mukhabarat.^[10]

There is no independent judiciary, as it is mandatory for all judges and prosecutors to be approved members of the Ba'ath party. The armed forces has the power to arbitrarily arrest civilians and put them to trial.^[11] The authorities have been accused of harassing and imprisoning human rights activists and other critics of the government.^[12] Freedom of expression, association and assembly are strictly controlled, and ethnic minorities face discrimination.^[3][12] Throughout the decades-long reign of Assad dynasty between 1970 and 2011; over 70,000 Syrians were subjected to forced disappearances, more than 40,000 were executed through extrajudicial killings and hundreds of thousands of civilians became displaced through deportations.^[13]

After an initial period of economic liberalization that failed to improve human rights in the early 2000s,^[14] Bashar al-Assad launched a string of crackdowns that imprisoned numerous intellectuals and cultural activists; thereby ending the Damascus Spring.^[15] At the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, the country's human rights situation remained among the worst in the world; characterized by arbitrary arrests, mass surveillance by the dreaded secret police and systematic repression of ethnic minorities, such as the Kurds.^[16] The government is guilty of crimes against humanity based on witness accounts of deaths in custody^[17] including extrajudicial executions,^[a] torture,^[b] rape,^[c] arbitrary detentions, ethnic cleansing, genocides, massacres, state terrorism and forced disappearances^[30] during the crackdown against the 2011 Syrian Revolution and the ensuing Civil War.^[31] The government has also conducted numerous chemical attacks against its own civilians.^[d]

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