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Greater India

Not to be confused with Indosphere.
This article is about the Indian cultural sphere. For the irredentist concept, see Akhand Bharat.

Indian Cultural Sphere
Greater India
Indian cultural extent
Dark orange: The Indian subcontinent[1]
Light orange: Southeast Asia culturally linked to India (except Northern Vietnam, Philippines and Western New Guinea)
Yellow: Regions with significant Indian cultural influence, notably the Philippines, Tibet, and historically Afghanistan and Pakistan[2][3]
Southeast Asia
Indianized KingdomsAngkor, Borobodur, Butuan, Cebu, Champa, Chenla, Dvaravati, Funan, Gangga Negara, Kalingga, Kutai, Langkasuka, Majapahit, Pagan, Pan Pan, Singhasari, Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, Tondo
Theravada BuddhismBuddhism in Southeast Asia (Theravada is popular mainly in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand)
HinduismHinduism in Southeast Asia
South Asia
Theravada BuddhismIndia, Sri Lanka
Vajrayana BuddhismBhutan, Nepal, Tibet
HinduismBhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
Central Asia
Buddhist monasticismBuddhism in Central Asia, Kushan Empire
Indosphere  · Hindu texts  · Buddhist texts  · Folklore of India  · Ramayana (Versions of Ramayana)

Greater India, also known as the Indian cultural sphere, or the Indic world, is an English language socio-cultural concept composed of many countries and regions in South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia that were historically influenced by Indian religions and Indian culture which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of these regions.[4]

This region is also considered in Indian political circles as part of India's extended neighbourhood, and modern intergration was propelled through a multifaceted acceleration of economic and strategic interaction under the "Look East" policy, and more recently has involved deepening military ties as well.[5] It is also the case that Sri Lanka also continues to have strong political links with South East Asia, asked by ASEAN to be a founding memeber, and has recently been increasing integration with South East Asia through its own "Look East" policy; politcians view the relationship between Sri Lanka and South East Asia as second only to South Asia.[6][7][8]

The English term was popularised in the 1800s as a view of an expansionist India within the context of East Asia, though its modern meanings often invoke images of soft power.[9] It is an umbrella term encompassing the Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries, which are culturally linked through a diverse cultural cline. These countries have been transformed to varying degrees by the acceptance and introduction of cultural and institutional elements from each other. Since at least 500 BCE, Asia's expanding land and maritime trade had resulted in prolonged socio-economic and cultural stimulation and diffusion of Buddhist and Hindu beliefs into the region's cosmology, in particular in East Asia.[10]

By the early centuries of the common era, most of the principalities of Southeast Asia had effectively absorbed defining aspects of Indian culture, religion, and administration. The notion of divine god-kingship was introduced by the concept of Harihara, and Sanskrit and other Indian epigraphic systems were declared official, like those of the south Indian Pallava dynasty and Chalukya dynasty.[11][12] These Indianized kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès in his work Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient,[13] were characterized by resilience, political integrity, and administrative stability. Much of these expansions also went on to heavily influence China, South Korea and Japan.[14]

To the north, Indian religious ideas were assimilated into the cosmology of Himalayan peoples, most profoundly in Tibet and Bhutan, and merged with indigenous traditions. Buddhist monasticism extended into Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and other parts of Central Asia. xTo the west, Indian culture converged with Greater Persia via the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountains. Ancient Indian culture of this type can be found as far away as Russia and Greece[15]

  1. ^ Patel, Sneha (2015). "India's South Asian Policy". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 76 (3): 677–680. JSTOR 26534911. It is important to note that Nepal was not a British colony like India. Geographically, culturally, socially and historically India and Nepal are linked most intimately and lived together from time immemorial. The most significant factor which has nurtured Indo-Nepalese relations through ages is geographical setting of the two countries which is a good example to understand that how geography connects the two countries.
  2. ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Vol. I (1st ed.). Sterling Publishers. p. 31. OCLC 557595150. Modern Afghanistan was part of ancient India; the Afghans belonged to the pale of Indo-Aryan civilisation. In the eighty century, the country was known by two regional names—Kabul land Zabul. The northern part, called Kabul (or Kabulistan) was governed by a Buddhist dynasty. Its capital and the river on the banks of which it was situated, also bore the same name. Lalliya, a Brahmin minister of the last Buddhist ruler Lagaturman, deposed his master and laid the foundation of the Hindushahi dynasty in c. 865.
  3. ^ Chandra, Satish (2006). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications. p. 41. ISBN 9788124110669. Although Afghanistan was considered an integral part of India in antiquity, and was often called "Little India" even in medieval times, politically it had not been a part of India after the downfall of the Kushan empire, followed by the defeat of the Hindu Shahis by Mahmud Ghazni.
  4. ^ Lévi, Sylvain; Przyluski, Jean; Bloch, Jules (1993). Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0772-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  5. ^ Dhand, Aamiya (6 December 2022). "India's Extended Neighborhood and Implications for India's Act East Policy". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  6. ^ Attanayake, Chulanee (2023), Ghosh, Lipi; Basu Ray Chaudhury, Anasua (eds.), "BIMSTEC and India's "Act East" Policy: Implications for Sri Lanka", India’s Relations with Neighboring South and South East Asian Countries: Perspectives on Look East to Act East Policy, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 65–73, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4610-5_6, ISBN 978-981-99-4610-5, retrieved 14 May 2024
  7. ^ "Sri Lanka Aims for RCEP Membership and Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN". Presidential Office.
  8. ^ 27-01-27, Selle Glastra, Student number: 1014420, Master Thesis Asian Studies, Leiden University, Humanities faculty, Thesis supervisor: David Henley
  9. ^ Zabarskaitė, Jolita (7 November 2022), "'Greater India' and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965: The Rise and Decline of the Idea of a Lost Hindu Empire", ‘Greater India’ and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, doi:10.1515/9783110986068/html?lang=en, ISBN 978-3-11-098606-8, retrieved 14 May 2024
  10. ^ Kenneth R. Hal (1985). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-0843-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  11. ^ Lavy, Paul (2003), "As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34 (1): 21–39, doi:10.1017/S002246340300002X, S2CID 154819912, archived from the original on 12 August 2021, retrieved 23 December 2015
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stark1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Coedès (1968), pp. 14–.
  14. ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002), "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82, archived from the original on 26 March 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023
  15. ^ Zhu, Qingzhi (March 1995). "Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange between China and India" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 66. University of Pennsylvania. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2023. everyone knows well the so-called "Buddhist conquest of China" or "Indianized China"

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