American Finnish

American Finnish
Native to	United States, Canada
Native speakers	26,000 (in their homes) United States (2013)[1] 15,295 Canada (2016)
Language family	Uralic Finnic Finnish American Finnish
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	fi-021
Location of Finnish people in America; however, only a few can speak American Finnish.

American Finnish, Fingliska or Fingelska is a form of the Finnish language spoken in North America.^[2][3][4] It has been heavily influenced by the English language. American Finnish was used actively until the 1950s and after that it has been declining, and Finnish Americans have been switching to English. Even some basic phrases like tätsrait 'that's right' were borrowed from English.^[5] The form of speech was studied by Pertti Virtaranta in 1960, and the first American Finnish dictionary was made in 1992.^[6] It has influence from English both in syntax and vocabulary.^[2] In 2013 Finnish was spoken by 26,000 people in their homes.^[1] In the town of Oulu, Wisconsin, there are documented third-generation speakers of American Finnish,^[7] and in Stanton Township, Michigan, there are children who speak the language.^[8] American Finnish has also retained loanwords from Swedish which modern Finnish lost.^[9]

Those in the second and third generations who speak American Finnish are usually bilingual and tend to use English most often. There have been some negative attitudes to "impurities" in American Finnish; however, American Finns usually consider it a language of their own and dislike linguistic purism.^[9]

Finnish Americans sometimes have problems understanding Finnish. There is not much areal variation in American Finnish; however, first-, second- and third-generation speakers have more variation in their speech, especially as the amount of English influence differs in generations.^[6]