Mongol invasions of India

Mongol invasions of India
	Part of the Mongol invasions and conquests
Date	24 November 1221-1327
Location	Modern-day Pakistan; Multan; Beas River; Punjab; Kili; Delhi; Amroha; Ravi River
Result	Delhi Sultanate's victory Mongol forces expelled from India;
Belligerents
Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate; Qara'unas;	Delhi Sultanate Mamluk Dynasty ; Khalji Dynasty; Tughlaq Dynasty;
Commanders and leaders
Qutlugh Khwaja (DOW); Ali beg †; Tartaq †; Taraghai; Kopek; Hiljak; Iqbalmand; Abdullah son of Hulagu Khan; Targhi; Saldi; Zulju; Tarmashirin	Ghiyas ud din Balban; Jalal-ud-Din Khalji; Alauddin Khalji; Zafar Khan†; Malik Kafur; Ulugh Khan; Nusrat Khan Jalesari; Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

The Mongol Empire launched numerous invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids made by the Qaraunas of Mongol origin. The Mongols occupied parts of the subcontinent for decades. As the Mongols progressed into the Indian hinterland and reached the outskirts of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate of India led a campaign against them in which the Mongol army suffered serious defeats.^[2]

Delhi Sultanate officials viewed war with the Mongols as one of the Sultan's primary duties. While Sultanate chroniclers described the conflicts between the pagan Mongols and a monolithic Muslim community in binary terms, the Delhi Sultanate being an island of Islamic civilization surrounded by heathens to its north and south, it ignored the fact that a large number of Sultanate elites and monarchs were of Turk/Mongol ethnicity or had previously served in their armed contingents.^[3]

^ A. B. M. Habibullah 1992, p. 317.
^ Herbert M. J. Loewe. The Mongols.
^ Kumar, Sunil (2009). "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (1): 45–77. ISSN 0026-749X.

[FOOTNOTEA._B._M._Habibullah1992317-1] A. B. M. Habibullah 1992, p. 317.

[2] Herbert M. J. Loewe. The Mongols.

[3] Kumar, Sunil (2009). "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate". Modern Asian Studies. 43 (1): 45–77. ISSN 0026-749X.

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