Complex adaptive system

A complex adaptive system is a system that is complex in that it is a dynamic network of interactions, but the behavior of the ensemble may not be predictable according to the behavior of the components. It is adaptive in that the individual and collective behavior mutate and self-organize corresponding to the change-initiating micro-event or collection of events.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is a "complex macroscopic collection" of relatively "similar and partially connected micro-structures" formed in order to adapt to the changing environment and increase their survivability as a macro-structure.^[1]^[2]^[4] The Complex Adaptive Systems approach builds on replicator dynamics.^[5]

The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems,^[6] is an interdisciplinary matter that attempts to blend insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.^[7]

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page (1 January 2007). Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400835522. OCLC 760073369.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Foster, John (2006). "Why is economics not a complex systems science?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Issues. 40 (4): 1069–1091. doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506975. S2CID 17486106. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ Lansing, J. Stephen (2003). "Complex Adaptive Systems". Annual Review of Anthropology. 32 (1). Annual Reviews: 183–204. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440. ISSN 0084-6570.
^ Auerbach, David (19 January 2016). "The Theory of Everything and Then Some". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 7 March 2017.

[CAS-T-01-1] Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[CAS-T-02-2] Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Miller,_John_H.,_and_Scott_E._Page-3] Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page (1 January 2007). Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400835522. OCLC 760073369.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[CAS-T-12-4] Cite error: The named reference CAS-T-12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Foster, John (2006). "Why is economics not a complex systems science?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Issues. 40 (4): 1069–1091. doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506975. S2CID 17486106. Retrieved 18 January 2020.

[Lansing_2003_pp._183–204-6] Lansing, J. Stephen (2003). "Complex Adaptive Systems". Annual Review of Anthropology. 32 (1). Annual Reviews: 183–204. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440. ISSN 0084-6570.

[7] Auerbach, David (19 January 2016). "The Theory of Everything and Then Some". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 7 March 2017.

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