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Pannonian Avars

For the modern ethnic group native to the North Caucasus, see Avars (Caucasus). For other uses, see Avar (disambiguation).
Avar Khaganate
567 – after 822[1]
The Avar Khaganate ( ) and main contemporary polities c. 576
The Avar Khaganate and surroundings circa 602.
The Avar Khaganate and surroundings circa 602.
Common languages
Religion
Originally shamanism and animism, Christianity after 796
GovernmentKhanate
Khagan 
History 
• Established
567 
• Defeated by Pepin of Italy
796
• Disestablished
 after 822[1]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lombards
Kingdom of the Gepids
Hunnic Empire
Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
Samo's Empire
Frankish Empire
First Bulgarian Empire
Samo's Empire
Pannonian Slavs
Avar March

The Pannonian Avars (/ˈævɑːrz/) were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The peoples were also known as the Obri in chronicles of Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai[14] (Greek: Βαρχονίτες, romanized: Varchonítes), or Pseudo-Avars[15] in Byzantine sources, and the Apar (Old Turkic: 𐰯𐰺) to the Göktürks (Kultegin Inscription: Apar – Avars were called "Apar"). They established the Avar Khaganate, which spanned the Pannonian Basin and considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe from the late 6th to the early 9th century.[16]

The name Pannonian Avars (after the area in which they settled) is used to distinguish them from the Avars of the Caucasus, a separate people with whom the Pannonian Avars may or may not have had links. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-5th century, the Pannonian Avars entered the historical scene in the mid-6th century,[17] on the Pontic–Caspian steppe as a people who wished to escape the rule of the Göktürks. They are probably best known for their invasions and destruction in the Avar–Byzantine wars from 568 to 626 and influence on the Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe.

Recent archaeogenetic studies indicate that the Pannonian Avars were of primarily Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry similar to those of modern-day people from Mongolia and the Amur River region in Manchuria, pointing to an initial rapid migration of nomadic tribes into the centre of Europe from the Eastern Eurasian Steppe. The Pannonian Avars' core may have been descended from the remnants of the Rouran Khaganate, which were accompanied by other Steppe groups.[18][19][20][21][22][23][note 1] Linguistic evidence suggests that the later Avar population shifted to Slavic as lingua franca.[24][25][26]

  1. ^ Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 769.
  2. ^ Curta 2004, pp. 125–148.
  3. ^ Helimski 2004, pp. 59–72.
  4. ^ de la Fuente 2015.
  5. ^ Curta 2004, p. 132.
  6. ^ Some sources claim that Khagan Theodorus and his predecessor Zodan were one and the same; that is, Zodan assumed the name Thedours after converting to Christianity.
  7. ^ The name of Khagan Isaac appears to have been corrupted into Latin as Canizauci princeps Avarum ("Khagan Isaac, Prince of the Avars").
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica & Avar.
  9. ^ Frassetto 2003, pp. 54–55.
  10. ^ Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 46–49.
  11. ^ Beckwith 2009, pp. 390–391: "... the Avars certainly contained peoples belonging to several different ethnolinguistic groups, so that attempts to identify them with one or another specific eastern people are misguided."
  12. ^ Kyzlasov 1996, p. 322: "The Juan-Juan state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language... Some scholars link the Central Asian Juan-Juan with the Avars who came to Europe in the mid-sixth century. According to widespread but unproven and probably unjustified opinion, the Avars spoke a language of the Mongolic group."
  13. ^ Pritsak 1982, p. 359.
  14. ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine & Avars.
  15. ^ Grousset 1939, p. 171:According to Grousset, Theophylact Simocatta called them pseudo-Avars because he thought the true Avars were the Rouran.
  16. ^ Pohl 2002, pp. 26–29.
  17. ^ Curta 2006.
  18. ^ Neparáczki & Maróti 2019.
  19. ^ Csáky & Gerber 2020.
  20. ^ Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022.
  21. ^ Maróti, Neparáczki & Schütz 2022.
  22. ^ David 2022.
  23. ^ Saag & Staniuk 2022, pp. 38–41.
  24. ^ Curta, Florin (2004). "The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian)". East Central Europe/L'Europe du Centre-Est. 31: 125–148. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  25. ^ Wihoda, Martin (2021-10-27), "After Avars: The Beginning of the Ruling Power on the Eastern Fringe of Carolingian Empire", Rulership in Medieval East Central Europe, Brill, pp. 63–80, ISBN 978-90-04-50011-2, retrieved 2024-01-16
  26. ^ Rady, Martyn (2020), Curry, Anne; Graff, David A. (eds.), "The Slavs, Avars, and Hungarians", The Cambridge History of War: Volume 2: War and the Medieval World, Cambridge History of War, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133–150, ISBN 978-0-521-87715-2, retrieved 2024-01-16


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