Principality of Hungary

Grand Principality of Hungary
*Magyar Nagyfejedelemség* (Hungarian)
Grand Principality of Hungary Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (Hungarian)
c. 895–1000; Árpád dynasty
	Top: Magyar banner of the Conquest Era; Bottom: Banner of the Árpád dynasty Attributed arms from the Chronicon Pictum (c. 1370) Arms of the Árpád dynasty
	Principality of Hungary (c. 1000)
Status	Principality
Capital	Esztergom and Székesfehérvár (from the reigns of Taksony and Géza)
Religion	Hungarian paganism; Hungarian Shamanism; Tengrism; Slavic Paganism; Hungarian Christianity
Demonym(s)	Hungarian
Government	Gyula–Kende sacred diarchy (early); Tribal confederation
Kende
• 890s–c. 904	Kurszán
Grand Prince
• c. 895–c. 907	Árpád
• c. 907–c. 950	Zoltán
• c. 950–c. 955	Fajsz
• c. 955–c. 972	Taksony
• c. 972–997	Géza
• 997–1000	Stephen
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	c. 895
• Hungarian invasions of Europe	839-970
• Battle of Pressburg	4–6 July 907
• Battle of Lechfeld	10–12 August 955
• Koppány's revolt	997
• Coronation of Stephen I	25 December 1000; or 1 January 1001
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Etelköz
	Great Moravia
	Principality of Lower Pannonia
	First Bulgarian Empire
	Huns
	Avar Khaganate
Kingdom of Hungary

The Grand Principality of Hungary^[1]^[2] or Duchy of Hungary^[3]^[4] (Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség: "Hungarian Grand Principality"^[5] Byzantine Greek: Τουρκία) was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established in 895 or 896,^[6]^[7]^[8] following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin.

The Hungarians, a semi-nomadic people formed a tribal alliance^[9]^[10]^[11] led by Árpád (founder of the Árpád dynasty) arrived from Etelköz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.^[12]

During the period, the power of the Hungarian Grand Prince seemed to be decreasing irrespective of the success of the Hungarian military raids across Europe. The tribal territories, ruled by Hungarian warlords (chieftains), became semi-independent polities (e.g., the domains of Gyula the Younger in Transylvania). These territories were united again only under the rule of St. Stephen. The semi-nomadic Hungarian population adopted settled life. The chiefdom society changed to a state society. Since the second half of the 10th century, Christianity started to spread. The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 (its alternative date is 1 January 1001).^[13]^[14]^[15]

The period from 896 to 1000 is called "the age of principality" within Hungarian historiography.^[7]

^ Bauer, Susan Wise (22 February 2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6.
^ Ritz-Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (22 September 2011). Culture and Customs of Hungary. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-38370-0.
^ Davies, Colin (1969). The Emergence of Western Society: European History A.D. 300-1200. Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-333-03520-7.
^ Lawler, Jennifer (2004). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland & Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7864-1520-5.
^ Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114, Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131
^ Komzsik, Louis (2011). Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity. Trafford Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4269-5336-1.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Stessel, Zahava Szász (1995). Wine and Thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish Life in Hungary : the History of Abaújszántó. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3545-2.
^ Linehan, Peter; Nelson, Janet Laughland (2001). The Medieval World. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-18151-8.
^ Khazanov, Anatoly Michailovich; Wink, André (2001). Nomads in the Sedentary World. Psychology Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7007-1370-7.
^ Lendvai, Paul (2003). The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. C. Hurst. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85065-682-1.
^ Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
^ University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159
^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17
^ Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27

[Bauer-1] Bauer, Susan Wise (22 February 2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6.

[2] Ritz-Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (22 September 2011). Culture and Customs of Hungary. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-38370-0.

[3] Davies, Colin (1969). The Emergence of Western Society: European History A.D. 300-1200. Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-333-03520-7.

[4] Lawler, Jennifer (2004). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland & Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7864-1520-5.

[5] Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114, Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131

[Komzsik-6] Komzsik, Louis (2011). Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity. Trafford Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4269-5336-1.

[Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae-7] Cite error: The named reference Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Stessel, Zahava Szász (1995). Wine and Thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish Life in Hungary : the History of Abaújszántó. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3545-2.

[9] Linehan, Peter; Nelson, Janet Laughland (2001). The Medieval World. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-18151-8.

[10] Khazanov, Anatoly Michailovich; Wink, André (2001). Nomads in the Sedentary World. Psychology Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7007-1370-7.

[11] Lendvai, Paul (2003). The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. C. Hurst. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85065-682-1.

[Lendvai-12] Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533

[13] University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159

[Sugar-Hanak-14] Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17

[15] Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27

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