German language

German
Deutsch
Native to	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Belgium
Native speakers	90 million[1] L2 speakers: 80–85 million (2014)[2]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic German
Standard forms	Standard German (German, Swiss, Austrian)
Writing system	Latin script (German alphabet) German Braille Until the seventh/eighth century: Runic Until the mid-20th century: Hebrew Alphabet[3][4][5][6][7]
Signed forms	Signed German
Official status
Official language in	6 countries Austria Belgium Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Switzerland 1 subdivision South Tyrol (Italy)
Recognised minority language in	9 countries Brazil (6 municipalities)[8] Czech Republic Denmark (Syddanmark) Hungary (Sopron) Namibia Poland (Upper Silesia) Romania (select localities) Russia (Azovo German National District) Slovakia (Krahule)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	de
ISO 639-2	ger (B) deu (T)
ISO 639-3	Variously: deu – German gmh – Middle High German goh – Old High German gct – Colonia Tovar German bar – Bavarian cim – Cimbrian geh – Hutterite German ksh – Kölsch nds – Low German[note 1] sli – Lower Silesian ltz – Luxembourgish[note 2] vmf – Mainfränkisch mhn – Mòcheno pfl – Palatinate German pdc – Pennsylvania Dutch pdt – Plautdietsch[note 3] swg – Swabian German gsw – Swiss German uln – Unserdeutsch sxu – Upper Saxon wae – Walser German wep – Westphalian hrx – Riograndenser Hunsrückisch yec – Yenish
Glottolog	stan1295
Linguasphere	52-ACB–dl (Standard German) 52-AC (Continental West Germanic) 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) 52-ACB-d (Central German) 52-ACB-e & -f (Upper and Swiss German) 52-ACB-h (émigré German varieties, including 52-ACB-hc (Hutterite German) & 52-ACB-he (Pennsylvania Dutch) 52-ACB-i (Yenish) Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
(Co)official majority language   Co-official minority language   Statutory minority/cultural language   Non-statutory minority language
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German (Standard High German: Deutsch, pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ^ⓘ) is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol. It is also an official language of Luxembourg and Belgium, as well as a recognized national language in Namibia. Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in France (Alsace), Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Poland (Upper Silesia), Slovakia (Košice Region, Spiš, and Hauerland), and Hungary (Sopron).

German is part of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic language family, which itself is part of the larger Indo-European language family. It is most closely related other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans, Dutch, English, the Frisian languages, Low German, Luxembourgish, Scots, and Yiddish. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group, such as Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Modern German gradually developed from the Old High German which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic at some point in the Early Middle Ages. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic and West Germanic language after English as both a first or second language.

Today, German is one of the major languages of the world. It is the most spoken native language within the European Union. German is also widely taught as a foreign language, especially in continental Europe, where it is the third most taught foreign language (after English and French), and the United States. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second-most commonly used scientific language and among the most widely used languages on websites. The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.

German is an inflected language, with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from Latin and Greek, along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English.

German is a pluricentric language; the three standardized variants are German, Austrian, and Swiss Standard German. Standard German is sometimes referred as High German while referring to its regional origin of the High German languages. It is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.

Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year^[10] and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography.

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