Bryophyte

*Marchantia*, an example of a liverwort (Marchantiophyta)

Bryophytes (/ˈbraɪˌoʊfaɪts/) are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.^[1] In the strict sense, Bryophyta consists of the mosses only. Bryophytes are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments.^[2] The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species.^[3]^[4] Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce sexually by spores and asexually by fragmentation or the production of gemmae.^[5] Though bryophytes were considered a paraphyletic group in recent years, almost all of the most recent phylogenetic evidence supports the monophyly of this group, as originally classified by Wilhelm Schimper in 1879.^[6] The term bryophyte comes from Ancient Greek βρύον (brúon) 'tree moss, liverwort', and φυτόν (phutón) 'plant'.

^ Hedges, S. Blair (November 2002). "The origin and evolution of model organisms". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (11): 838–849. doi:10.1038/nrg929. PMID 12415314. S2CID 10956647.
^ Levetin, Estelle; McMahon, Karen (2012). Plants and Society. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-07-352422-1.
^ "Bryophytes (Mosses and liverworts) — The Plant List". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
^ "What are Bryophytes". Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Archived from the original on 2018-10-19. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ Vanderpoorten, Alain; Goffinet, Bernard (2009). Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-511-54013-4.
^ Schimper, W.P. (1879). "Bryophyta". In Zittel, K.A. (ed.). Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Vol. 2. R. Oldenbourg.

[pmid12415314-1] Hedges, S. Blair (November 2002). "The origin and evolution of model organisms". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (11): 838–849. doi:10.1038/nrg929. PMID 12415314. S2CID 10956647.

[McMahon2012-2] Levetin, Estelle; McMahon, Karen (2012). Plants and Society. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-07-352422-1.

[3] "Bryophytes (Mosses and liverworts) — The Plant List". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2017-04-11.

[WhatrBryo-4] "What are Bryophytes". Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Archived from the original on 2018-10-19. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[Vanderpoorten-5] Vanderpoorten, Alain; Goffinet, Bernard (2009). Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-511-54013-4.

[Schimp-6] Schimper, W.P. (1879). "Bryophyta". In Zittel, K.A. (ed.). Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Vol. 2. R. Oldenbourg.

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