Chava Shapiro

Chava Shapiro
Photograph of Chava Shapiro (c. 1904)
Born	(1876-12-26)26 December 1876 Slavuta, Volhynia, Russian Empire
Died	28 February 1943(1943-02-28) (aged 66) Prague, Czechoslovakia
Pen name	Em Kol Chai (אֵם כָּל חָי)
Occupation	Writer, critic, and journalist
Language	Hebrew, Yiddish, German
Spouse	Limel Rosenbaum ​ ​ (m. 1895; div. 1907)​ Josef Winternitz ​ (m. 1930)​
Academic background
Alma mater	University of Bern
Thesis	Lichtenberg als Philosoph (1911)
Doctoral advisor	Ludwig Stein [de]

Chava Shapiro (Hebrew: חַוָּה שַׁפִירָא, romanized: Ḥava Shapira, German: Ewa Schapiro; 26 December 1876 – 28 February 1943),^{[note 1]} known also by the pen name Em Kol Chai (Hebrew: אֵם כָּל חָי, lit. 'Mother of All Living'),^{[note 2]} was a Russian Jewish writer, critic, and journalist. A pioneer of Hebrew women's literature and feminist literary criticism, Shapiro was among the most prolific of the diasporic women writers of Hebrew in the early twentieth century.^[3]

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