External fertilization

External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body.^[1] It is contrasted with internal fertilization, in which sperm are introduced via insemination and then combine with an egg inside the body of a female organism.^[2]

In animals, external fertilization typically occurs in water or a moist area to facilitate the movement of sperm to the egg.^[3] The release of eggs and sperm into the water is known as spawning.^[4] In motile species, spawning females often travel to a suitable location to release their eggs. However, sessile species are less able to move to spawning locations and must release gametes locally.^[4] Among vertebrates, external fertilization is most common in amphibians and fish.^[5] Invertebrates utilizing external fertilization are mostly benthic, sessile, or both, including animals such as coral, sea anemones, and tube-dwelling polychaetes.^[3] Benthic marine plants also reproduce through external fertilization.^[3] Environmental factors and timing are key challenges to the success of external fertilization. While in the water, the male and female must both release gametes at similar times in order to fertilize the egg.^[3] Gametes spawned into the water may also be washed away, eaten, or damaged by external factors.